Strasbourg, 11 May 2004 T-PVS/Emerald (2004) 1

[T-PVS/Emerald 01e.04] English only

CONVENTION ON THE conservation of EUROPEAN wildlife

and natural habitats

Group of Experts for the setting up

of the Emerald Network of Areas of Special Conservation Interest

---ooOoo---

Emerald Network Pilot Project in Croatia

- Final Report -

Document established by

the Ministry of Environmental Protection
and Physical Planning

Croatia

Contents

1. Background.......................................................................................................................... 3

2. Emerald network project team............................................................................................ 3

3. Activities carried out in the framework of the project........................................................ 4

3.1....................................................................................................... The Emerald workshop 4

3.2 Identification of biogeographical zones in Croatia........................................................... 4

3.3 Identification of species and habitats within each Biogeographical region in Croatia....... 4

3.4 Preparing proposal for new species and habitats within Croatia to be added to official lists of the Bern Convention...................................................................................................................... 5

3.5 Preliminary identification of Sites of geological interest ................................................. 5

3.6 Identification of nature conservation designation categories in Croatia............................ 5

3.7 Selection of the first 'set' of potential ASCIs.................................................................... 6

3.8 Collecting data for potential ASCIs and building up the database using Emerald Software version 2.0......................................................................................................................................... 7

4. Suggestions and future plans................................................................................................ 7

4.1 Problems.......................................................................................................................... 7

4.2 Lessons learnt.................................................................................................................. 8

4.3 Follow up......................................................................................................................... 8

5. Financial statement of expenditure...................................................................................... 8

APPENDICES

I. Biogeographical regions in Croatia.................................................................................. 9

II. Emerald species in Croatia............................................................................................. 11

III. Proposal for extension of list of Emerald species........................................................... 17

IV. Emerald habitats in Croatia ........................................................................................... 31

V. Proposal for extension of list of Emerald habitats......................................................... 34

VI. Preliminary list of Sites of geological interest ............................................................... 48

VII. Proposal for the List of Palearctic habitat types - terrestrial........................................ 49

VIII. Proposal for the List of Palearctic habitat types - underground................................... 64

IX. Proposal for the List of Palearctic habitat types - marine............................................. 71

X. Emerald Standard Data Form for Kopacki Rit

XI. Emerald Standard Data Form for Lonjsko Polje

XII. Emerald Standard Data Form for Crna Mlaka

XIII. Emerald Standard Data Form for Plitvicka Jezera

XIV. Emerald Standard Data Form for Velebit

XV. Emerald Standard Data Form for Neretva Delta

1. Background

Republic of Croatia has signed the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention) in 2000. Next year the Council of Europe invited Croatia to join the Emerald process by taking part in the Emerald Network pilot project.

The Emerald Network Pilot Project in Croatia has been implemented by the Ministry of Environmental Protection and Physical Planning (MEPPP) in cooperation with the Council of Europe and a number of national experts.

The overall objective of the project was to develop a pilot database, containing a fair proportion of the Areas of Special Conservation Interest and submit a proposal for the selected sites designation to the Standing Committee of the Bern Convention. This project is a starting point that will lay the basis for the development of the Emerald Network at the national level.

The legal basis for developing the Emerald network has been established in:

· Bern Convention, Articles No.1, 2,3,4,6b,9

· Resolutions No.1 (1989), 3 and 4 (1996), 5 and 6 (1998)

· Recommendations No.14. and 16 (1989), No.25 (1991)

The main documents to be used for building-up the Emerald Network:

· Document T-PVS (99)36 – The Emerald Network – a network of Areas of Special Conservation Interest

· Document T-PVS/Emerald (99)2 – Emerald Software version 1.1 User Manual

· Emerald Software version 2.0 User Manual

During the life-time of the project, there has been a change in relevant national legislation. The old Nature Protection Act (“Official Gazette” Nos. 30/94 and 72/94) regulated mostly the basic issues regarding protected areas and species. The new Nature Protection Act (“Official Gazette” No.162 /03), enacted in October 2003, includes already all obligations and mechanisms of the EU Habitat and Bird Directives, with the basic instrument being the establishment of the National ecological network. It includes all ecologically important sites of European and national importance.

2. Structure of the national Emerald network team

At the beginning of pilot-project the national team of experts has been set up, including relevant scientists and administrative persons from the MEPPP:

- Tatjana Bakran-Petricioli, Ph D,
Department of Oceanography, Faculty of Natural Science – marine habitats and species

- Dragan Bukovec, B Sc, Croatian Natural History Museum – sites of geological importance

- Sven Jelaska, M Sc, OIKON Ltd – habitats

- Toni Nikolić, Ph D, Department of Botany, Faculty of Natural Science – vascular flora

- Jasminka Radović, B Sc, Ministry of Environmental Protection and Physical Planning,
project coordinator

- Andrea Štefan, B Sc, Ministry of Environmental Protection and Physical Planning

- Ivan Tikvić, Ph D, Faculty of Forestry – forests

- Jasenka Topić, Ph D, Faculty of Natural Science – terrestrial habitats

- Vesna Tutiš, Ph D, Institute of Ornithology – birds

- Nikola Tvrtković, Ph D, Croatian Natural History Museum – fauna, underground habitats

During the work of the national team it became clear that special attention should be paid to underground habitat types. Due to this need, Mrs Sanja Gottstein-Matočec, Ph D, Department of Ecology, Faculty of Natural Science, joined the team in order to prepare the background paper and proposal for development of classification of underground habitat types.

Data collection on potential ASCIs and development of Emerald database was organized directly by the MEPPP.

3. Activities carried out in the framework of the project

Following activities have been carried out for the implementation of the pilot-project, in accordance with tasks defined by the project contract:

1. Training of the national Emerald team (workshop)

2. Identification of biogeographical regions in Croatia

3. Identification of species and habitats within each Biogeographical region in Croatia

4. Preparing proposal for new species and habitats within Croatia to be added to official lists of the Bern Convention

5. Preliminary identification of Sites of geological interest as potential part of ecological network

6. Identification of nature conservation designation categories in Croatia

7. Selection of the first 'set' of potential ASCIs

8. Collecting data for potential ASCIs and building up the database using Emerald Software version 2.0.

3.1. The Emerald workshop

The introductory Emerald workshop took place in Zagreb from February 14-15, 2002. Besides representatives of the Council of Europe and national team members, participants of the workshop included the staff od the Nature Protection Division of the MEPPP as well as the staff of protected areas management authorities.

Mrs Helene Bougessa and Mr Marc Roekhart presented the concept and tasks of the project on behalf of the Council of Europe. The national team members presented some basic information about nature protection in Croatia, important species and habitats, sites of geological interest as potential new dimension in the Emerald network concept, the project on preliminary ecological network as well as the project on habitat mapping of Croatia.

Mr Roekaerts, expert on Emerald software of Council of Europe, demonstrated and explained the 1.0 version of the Emerald Network software, explained the main features of the Emerald Network database and the Standard Data Entry form.

On the next day, Mr Roekaertsinstalled the Emerald Network software 1.0 on the computer in the office of the Biodiversity and Landscape Department of the MEPPP and trained its staff to work with it.

3.2. Identification of biogeographical zones in Croatia

According to a map of biogeographical regions adopted by the Standing Committee to the Bern Convention at its 21^st meeting (Strasbourg, 26-30 November 2001) [see T-PVS (2001) 89], four regions were identified in the territory of Croatia:

- Pannonian

- Continental

- Alpine

- Mediterranean.

The expert team concluded to propose the new region - Mediterranean Sea to be added, including marine species and habitats.

The map of biogeographical regions in Croatia with an explanation of above mentioned proposal is enclosed in Apenndix 1.

3.3. Identification of species and habitats within each Biogeographical region in Croatia

Members of the national team have analysed the list of Emerald species in Resolution No.6 (1998) and extracted species indigenous to Croatia (breeding species and visitors), separate for each biogeographical region (Pannonian, Continental, Alpine and Mediterranean). It was concluded to separate marine species and to propose them to be added to the possible new biogeographical region of Mediterranean Sea.

The list of Emerald species found in Croatia is enclosed in Appendix 2.

The national team has also analysed the list of Emerald habitats in Resolution No.4 (1996) and extracted habitat types present in Croatia, separate for each biogeographical region.

The list of Emerald endangered habitats found in Croatia is enclosed in Appendix 4.

3.4. Preparing proposal for new species and habitats within Croatia to be added to official lists of the Bern Convention

Analyzing the list of Emerald species, the national team concluded that there are certain species occurring in Croatia that possibly deserve to be included on the Emerald list but they are still not probably because the area of Croatia has not yet been fully evaluated from the Emerald point of view.

The list of species proposed to be added to the Emerald list is enclosed in Appendix 3.

The next task was to analyse which habitats should be added to the Emerald lists considering some specificities of Croatia. Accordingly, the list of habitat types for Croatia based on PHYSIS Palearctic habitat classification (T-PVS/Emerald 2001 10) was revised, trying to include and evaluate some new habitat types specific for Croatia (karst, marine and some other). The proposal for the official revision of this list has been prepared and sent to Mr Pierre Devillers and Jean Devillers-Terschuren for comments and possible inclusion to the existing list.

The list of habitat types proposed to be added to the Emerald list is enclosed in Appendix 5.

3.5. Preliminary identification of Sites of geological interest as potential part of ecological network

The national team considered new initiatives and activities in the framework of the Bern Convention, related to the Sites of geological interest as potential part of ecological network. Having in mind the fact that Croatia is very rich with diverse geological heritage, it was concluded to make preliminary analysis of sites of geological interest in Croatia, based on already protected sites.

The map of these sites and a small database consisting of several attributes given to each site was produced in the framework of the project. Further evaluation of each site is needed as well as methodology how to include the most representative and important sites in the concept of ecological network.

The preliminary map and the list of the Sites of geological interest is included in Appendix 6.

3.6. Identification of nature conservation designation categories in Croatia

Protected areas represent the core of the overall protection and key sites of the ecological network. This protection is today covering about 9.9 p.c. of Croatia's mainland territory, which is planned to be considerably increased. The old Nature Protection Act specifies eight categories of the space protection: national park, nature park, strict reserve, special reserve, natural monument, protected landscape, park forest, horticultural monument. The new Act from 2003 adds another category of the regional park. The greatest part of the protected area refers to nature parks and national parks (8.7 p.c. of the mainland area). The majority of planned protected areas relate also to nature parks.

A. There are nine categories of nature conservation designation types, defined on the national level by the Nature Protection Law from 2003. Six of them have the main purpose to protect flora, fauna and habitats (biological diversity):

Category	Purpose	Protection
National park	protection of biological diversity, scientific research, tourism, recreation, education	by the state
Nature park	protection of biological and landscape diversity, sustainable development, tourism and recreation	by the state
Regional park	protection of biological and landscape diversity, sustainable development, tourism and recreation	by the county
Strict reserve	protection of the overall biological diversity, scientific research	by the county
Special reserve	protection of biological diversity with the focus on a specific component (forests, plant communities, fauna. hydrology, etc.), scientific research, visiting and education	by the county
Natural monument	protection of a representative element of nature or small site, scientific research	by the county
Protected landscape	protection of landscape diversity, sustainable development, tourism and recreation	by the county
Park forest	tourism and recreation, protection of landscape diversity	by the county
Horticultural monument	protection of cultural heritage and landscape diversity, tourism and recreation, education	by the county

B. Statutes under sectorial legislative and administrative acts providing an adequate protection relevant for flora, fauna and habitat conservation:

- Law on Forests defines 2 types of forests that are not exclusively economic: protective forests (protection of soil against erosion) and forests with special assignment (landscape, scientific or historical value)

- Law on Hunting – in each hunting area one part (15%) should be defined as the sanctuary for game, where no hunting is allowed

- Law on Marine Fishery – areas important as fish nurseries or spawning areas can be proclaimed reserves with ban of commercial exploatation

C. Private statute providing durable protection for flora, fauna and habitat is not included in national legislation.

3.7. Selection of the first 'set' of potential ASCIs

The first set of Potential Areas of Special Conservation Interest was selected according to the criteria of international designation. Six sites have been chosen with total area of 309,867 ha, that makes 17,12% of the preliminary ecological network (1809,750 ha), or 5,47% of the territory of Croatia (5661,500 ha):

Site’s name	Code	Internat. designation	Area
The Plitvice Lakes National Park	1102001	UNESCO - World Natural Heritage List	29,482 ha
The Velebit Mountain Nature Park	1103003	UNESCO MAB site	200,000 ha
Lonjsko polje Nature Park	1103002	Ramsar site	50,560 ha
Kopački rit Nature Park	1103001	Ramsar site	23,400 ha
Neretva Delta (proposed nature park)	1203001	Ramsar site	11,500 ha
Crna Mlaka fishponds ornithological reserve	1113001	Ramsar site	625 ha
TOTAL			309,867 ha

CODES:

The codes represent the system given to the national areas of nature. The code of each site consists of 2 letters (HR for Croatia) and 7 numbers:

1. element of ecological network (1-international; 2-national; 0- not element of ecological network)

2. protection status of the site (1-protected; 2-designated for protection; 3-not protected)

3. and 4. category of protection

00 no category

01 strict reserve

02 national park

03 nature park

10 special reserve (further devided for subcategories)

11 special reserve- forest etc

5, 6. and 7. – individual number of site

3.8. Collecting data for potential ASCIs and building up the database using Emerald Software version 2.0.

For each of the mentioned sites data have been collected in order to fill the special Standard Data Form. Data have been processed using the new Emerald software version 2.0.

As data regarding the distribution of habitat types in Emerald sites were missing, it was decided to wait for the results of the MEPPP project Mapping of Habitat Types in Croatia, performed by the private consultant firm OIKON Ltd. The project was finished and the GIS map of habitat types (1: 100.000) delivered to the MEPPP in July 2003. This GIS database gave possibility to calculate the area of each mappable habitat type in Croatia. Also, the GIS map of protected areas has been added in order to get maps of habitat types for each Emerald site and to compare the area of each Resolution 4 habitat type present in Emerald sites with its overall distribution in Croatia.

Lists of additional important habitat types except the Resoultion 4 ones have been entered in database too (description part), because a lot of habitats specific and important for Croatia (specially karst and marine ones) are missing in the Resolution 4.

4. Suggestions and future plans

4.1. Problems

The problem for Croatia occured because the Emerald lists of species and habitats do not reflect many specificities of its biodiversity, especially regarding karst underground and marine habitats, as well as species. Because of this, some the most valuable areas, like Velebit mountain that has already been evaluated as the site of global value (GEF/WB project Karst Ecosystems Conservation in Croatia – KEC) do not show high value when evaluated according to Emerald lists.

The national team has prepared its proposal for extension of Emerald species and habitats lists, that are a part of this report (see Appendices).

There were also problems with filling data into Emerald database (version 2.0). Some of the problems are listed here:

· When printing reports, some fields are not printed at all (like Emerald list fishes and the field 5.2 – relations to other sites);

· Some Emerald list birds are always automatically transferred to the other field of Migratory birds

· The field for management authority of the site is too short (restricted no. of signes)

· Sometimes database will not save new data

· Birds status is sometimes duplicated

4.2. Lessons learnt

The pilot- project was very usefull for Croatia in several ways:

· the national team had opportunity to get basic knowledge about concept and methodology of Emerald network and NATURA 2000

· skills related to data collection and Emerald / NATURA 2000 software have been developed

· pioneer work regarding preparation of proposals for extension of Emerald species and habitats lists was done, that will make further work for NATURA 2000 much easier

· the concept of ecological network was promoted on national level and introduced as future national obligation in the framework of accession of Croatia to the EU

· management authorities of protected areas were introduced to the problematics and included in data collecting and reviewing of relevant Standard data forms.

4.3. Follow-up

The Emerald Network Pilot-Project represents a pioneer work on ecological network concept in Croatia. It is being followed by more extensive work on preparation of NATURA 2000 network and National Ecological Network in the framework of the LIFE-Third Countries 2002 project: Building-up the National Ecological Network as a part of the Pan-European Ecological Network and Natura 2000 (CRO-NEN). This project is supposed to be finished in June 2005.

5. Financial statement of expenditure

Training workshop for Emerald team	1.500 EUR
Work of Emerald team - contracts	4.000 EUR
Work on data collecting and database - contracts	3.200 EUR
Total	8.700 EUR

Appendix I.

Biogeographical regions in Croatia

Pannonian

Continental

Alpine

Mediterranean

Mediterranean Sea ???

The part of biogeographic map developed under Councile Directive 92/43/CEE (NATURA 2000) formed on the basis for Pan-European extensions (geogeographic regions abbreviations used in text: A-alpine, C-continental, M-meditteranean and P-pannonical)

NOTE:

The Adriatic Sea is not marked as the part of any region. It could be suggested that it belongs to the Mediterranean region on the side of Croatia. In Italy Continental region extends to the coast. The national team suggests to add the new region - Mediterranean biogeographical region
Defining borders of biogeographical regions in Croatia using the vegetation map (map prepared by Marc Roekaerts)

Appendix II.

Emerald species in Croatia within biogeographical regions

Pannonian

Mammals

Rhinolophus ferrumequinum

Miniopterus schreibersi

Myotis dasycneme

Myotis blythii

Myotis emarginatus

Myotis myotis

Spermophilus citellus

Castor fiber

Lutra lutra

Birds

Acrocephalus melanopogon

Alcedo atthis

Anthus campestris

Aquila clanga

Aquila heliaca

Aquila pomarina

Ardea purpurea

Ardeola ralloides

Asio flammeus

Aythya nyroca

Botaurus stellaris

Caprimulgus europaeus

Chlidonias hybridus

Chlidonias niger

Ciconia ciconia

Ciconia nigra

Circus aeruginosus

Circus cyaneus

Circus pygargus

Coracias garrulus

Crex crex

Dendrocopos medius

Dendrocopos syriacus

Dryocopus martius

Egretta alba

Egretta garzetta

Falco columbarius

Ficedula albicollis

Grus grus

Haliaeetus albicilla

Ixobrychus minutus

Lanius collurio

Lanius minor

Luscinia svecica

Mergus albellus

Milvus migrans

Nycticorax nycticorax

Pandion haliaetus

Pernis apivorus

Phalacrocorax pygmeus

Picus canus

Platalea leucorodia

Plegadis falcinellus

Porzana parva

Porzana porzana

Recurvirostra avosetta

Sterna albifrons

Sterna hirundo

Sylvia nisoria

Reptiles and Amphibians

Bombina bombina

Triturus dobrogicus

Emys orbicularis

Fishes

Eudontomyzon spp. (mariae)

Lampetra fluviatilis

Lampetra planeri

Aspius aspius

Barbus meridionalis

Chalcalburnus chalcoides

Gobio uranoscopus

Rhodeus sericeus amarus

Cobitis taenia

Misgurnus fossilis

Sabanejewia aurata

Cottus gobio

Gymnocephalus schraetzer

Zingel streber

Invertebrates

Cerambyx cerdo

Lucanus cervus

Euphydryas aurinia

Euphydryas maturna

Lycaena dispar

Maculinea nausithous

Maculinea teleius

Flora

Armoracia macrocarpa

Continental

Mammals

Rhinolophus euryale

Rhinolophus ferrumequinum

Rhinolophus hipposideros

Barbastella barbastellus

Miniopterus schreibersi

Myotis bechsteini

Myotis blythii

Myotis emarginatus

Myotis myotis

Castor fiber

Lutra lutra

Birds

Botaurus stellaris

Ixobrychus minutus

Nycticorax nycticorax

Ardeola ralloides

Egretta alba

Egretta garzetta

Ardea purpurea

Ciconia ciconia

Ciconia nigra

Plegadis falcinellus

Platalea leucorodia

Aythya nyroca

Pernis apivorus

Milvus migrans

Haliaeetus albicilla

Circus aeruginosus

Circus pygargus

Aquila chrysaetos

Aquila pomarina

Hieraaetus pennatus

Falco peregrinus

Crex crex

Porzana parva

Porzana porzana

Himantopus himantopus

Chlidonias hybridus

Sterna hirundo

Sterna albifrons

Strix uralensis

Asio flammeus

Caprimulgus europaeus

Alcedo atthis

Coracias garrulus

Dendrocopos leucotos

Dendrocopos medius

Dendrocopos syriacus

Dryocopus martius

Picus canus

Lullula arborea

Lanius collurio

Lanius minor

Acrocephalus melanopogon

Sylvia nisoria

Ficedula albicollis

Ficedula parva

Emberiza hortulana

Mergus albellus

Pandion haliaetus

Aquila heliaca

Grus grus

Recurvirostra avosetta

Limosa lapponica

Chlidonias niger

Anthus campestris

Luscinia svecica

Gavia arctica

Phalacrocorax pygmeus

Falco columbarius

Reptiles and Amphibians

Bombina bombina

Bombina variegata

Triturus carnifex

Triturus dobrogicus

Emys orbicularis

Fishes

Eudontomyzon spp. (mariae)

Lampetra fluviatilis

Hucho hucho

Aspius aspius

Barbus meridionalis

Chalcalburnus chalcoides

Gobio uranoscopus

Rhodeus sericeus amarus

Rutilus pigus

Cobitis taenia

Misgurnus fossilis

Sabanejewia aurata

Cottus gobio

Gymnocephalus schraetzer

Zingel streber

Invertebrates

Cerambyx cerdo

Lucanus cervus

Rosalia alpina

Euphydryas aurinia

Euphydryas maturna

Lycaena dispar

Maculinea nausithous

Maculinea teleius

Flora

Aldrovanda vesiculosa

Caldesia parnassifolia

Cypripedium calceolus

Eleocharis carniolica

Marsilea quadrifolia

Luronium natans

Carex acuta

Liparis loeselii

Alpine

Mammals

Rhinolophus euryale

Rhinolophus ferrumequinum

Rhinolophus hipposideros

Barbastella barbastellus

Miniopterus schreibersi

Myotis blythii

Myotis capaccinii

Myotis emarginatus

Myotis myotis

Canis lupus

Lutra lutra

Lynx lynx

Rupicapra rupicapra balcanica

Ursus arctos

Birds

Aegolius funereus

Anthus campestris

Aquila chrysaetos

Bonasa bonasia

Bubo bubo

Circus pygargus

Crex crex

Dendrocopos leucotos

Dryocopus martius

Emberiza hortulana

Falco peregrinus

Ficedula albicollis

Ficedula parva

Glaucidium passerinum

Lanius collurio

Pernis apivorus

Picoides tridactylus

Picus canus

Strix uralensis

Sylvia nisoria

Tetrao urogallus

Reptiles and Amphibians

Vipera ursinii

Triturus carnifex

Bombina variegata

Proteus anguinus

Fishes

Eudontomyzon spp. (mariae)

Hucho hucho

Barbus meridionalis

Chalcalburnus chalcoides

Phoxinellus spp. (croaticus, fontinalis, jadovensis, krbavensis)

Rhodeus sericeus amarus

Rutilus pigus

Cobitis taenia

Misgurnus fossilis

Sabanejewia aurata

Cottus gobio

Gobio uranoscopus

Zingel streber

Invertebrates

Cerambyx cerdo

Lucanus cervus

Rosalia alpina

Euphydryas aurinia

Euphydryas maturna

Lycaena dispar

Austropotamobius pallipes

Flora

Aquilegia kitaibelii

Cypripedium calceolus

Eleocharis carniolica

Eryngium alpinum

Genista holopetala

Ligularia sibirica

Lilium bosniacum

Moehringia tommasinii

Angelica palustris

Apium repens

Carex acuta

Mediterranean

Mammals

Rhinolophus blasii

Rhinolophus euryale

Rhinolophus ferrumequinum

Rhinolophus hipposideros

Rhinolophus mehelyi

Miniopterus schreibersi

Myotis bechsteini

Myotis blythii

Myotis capaccinii

Myotis emarginatus

Myotis myotis

Canis lupus

Lutra lutra

Rupicapra rupicapra balcanica

Monachus monachus (RE: only vagrant specimens)

Tursiops truncatus

Phocoena phocoena

Birds

Accipiter brevipes

Acrocephalus melanopogon

Alcedo atthis

Anthus campestris

Aquila chrysaetos

Aquila clanga

Aquila heliaca

Ardea purpurea

Ardeola ralloides

Asio flammeus

Botaurus stellaris

Bubo bubo

Burhinus oedicnemus

Calandrella brachydactyla

Calonectris diomedea

Caprimulgus europaeus

Chlidonias hybridus

Chlidonias niger

Circaetus gallicus

Circus aeruginosus

Circus cyaneus

Circus macrourus

Circus pygargus

Coracias garrulus

Crex crex

Egretta garzetta

Emberiza hortulana

Falco biarmicus

Falco columbarius

Falco eleonorae

Falco naumanni

Falco peregrinus

Falco vespertinus

Ficedula albicollis

Gavia arctica

Gavia stellata

Glareola pratincola

Grus grus

Gyps fulvus

Hieraaetus fasciatus

Hieraaetus pennatus

Himantopus himantopus

Hippolais olivetorum

Ixobrychus minutus

Lanius collurio

Lanius minor

Limosa lapponica

Lullula arborea

Luscinia svecica

Melanocorypha calandra

Mergus albellus

Nycticorax nycticorax

Pandion haliaetus

Pernis apivorus

Phalacrocorax pygmeus

Platalea leucorodia

Plegadis falcinellus

Porzana parva

Porzana porzana

Porzana pusilla

Recurvirostra avosetta

Sterna albifrons

Sterna hirundo

Sterna sandvicensis

Sylvia nisoria

Reptiles and Amphibians

Caretta caretta

Emys orbicularis

Testudo hermanni

Mauremys caspica

Elaphe quatuorlineata

Elaphe situla

Vipera ursinii

Triturus carnifex

Bombina variegata

Proteus anguinus

Fish

Lampetra fluviatilis

Petromyzon marinus

Lethenteron zanandreai

Acipenser naccarii

Acipenser sturio

Knipowitschia panizzae (Padogobius panizzae)

Pomatoschistus canestrini

Alosa spp

Salmo marmoratus

Alburnus albidus

Barbus plebejus

Leuciscus souffia

Phoxinellus spp. (alepidotus, adspersus, dalmaticus, ghetaldii, metohiensis)

Rutilus rubilio

Cobitis taenia (C. taenia bilineata, C. t. dalmatina, C. t. narentae)

Aphanius fasciatus

Cottus gobio

Padogobius panizzae (=Knipowitschia)

Pomatoschistus canestrinii

Alosa fallax

Invertebrates

Lucanus cervus

Coenonympha oedippus

Lycaena dispar

Austropotamobius pallipes

Unio crassus

Flora

Aldrovanda vesiculosa

Eleocharis carniolica

Salicornia veneta

Appendix III.

Proposal for the extension of list of Emerald species

Regarding the expansion of species list, the expert group decided to propose following species to be added to the Emerald species list:

- all vascular plants that belong to Critically Endangered in Croatia (regional IUCN category CR);

- all known stenoendemic taxa requiring specific conservation measures;

- certain animal taxa from IUCN 2002 list requiring specific conservation measures;

- certain other species representatives of threatened habitats in Croatia;

- all marine species from the list of the Barcelona Convention.

VASCULAR FLORA (non-marine)

Prepared by Toni Nikolić, PhD

Department of Botany, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Zagreb

CR (Critically endangered taxa in Croatia)

Aeluropus littoralis (Gouan) Parl.

Agropyron cristatum (L.) Gaertn. ssp. pectinatum (M.Bieb.) Tzvelev

Alopecurus bulbosus Gouan

Alyssum montanum L. ssp. gmelinii (Jord.) Em. Schmid

Anemone sylvestris L.

Anthemis tomentosa L.

Asplenium sagittatum (DC.) Bange

Aster tripolium L. Ssp.pannonicus (Jacq.) Soó

Baldellia ranunculoides (L.) Parl.

Bassia laniflora (S.G.Gmel.) A.J.Scott

Beckmannia eruciformis (L.) Host

Betula pubescens Ehrh.

Bupleurum lancifolium Hornem.

Calla palustris L.

Calystegia soldanella (L.) R. Br.

Camphorosma annua Pallas

Carex bohemica Schreb.

Carex pulicaris L.

Catabrosa aquatica (L.) P.Beauv.

Chamaecytisus ratisbonensis (Schaeff.) Rothm.

Consolida ajacis (L.) Schur

Consolida brevicornis (Vis.) Soo

Consolida orientalis (Gay) Schrödinger

Convolvulus lineatus L.

Corynephorus canescens (L.) P.Beauv.

Corynephorus divaricatus (Pourr.) Breistr.

Cutandia maritima (L.) Barbey

Cyperus capitatus Vand.

Delphinium halteratum Sm. in Sibth. et Sm.

Digitalis lanata Ehrh.

Doronicum hungaricum Rchb.f.

Dorycnium rectum (L.) Ser.

Drosera rotundifolia L.

Echinophora spinosa L.

Eleocharis uniglumis (Link) Schult.

Elymus farctus (Viv.) Runemark ex Melderis

Eriophorum angustifolium Honck.

Eriophorum vaginatum L.

Festuca vaginata Waldst. et Kit. ex Willd.

Fimbristylis bisumbellata (Forssk.) Bubani

Galium rubioides L.

Galium uliginosum L.

Geranium dalmaticum (Beck) Rech.f.

Heliotropium supinum L.

Hieracium echioides Lumn.

Hydrocotyle vulgaris L.

Imperata cylindrica (L.) Raeusch.

Kitaibela vitifolia Willd.

Koeleria glauca (Schrad.) DC.

Lathyrus ochrus (L.) DC.

Ligularia sibirica (L.) Cass.

Limosella aquatica L.

Lycopodiella inundata (L.) Holub

Lythrum tribracteatum Salzm. ex Spreng.

Mandragora officinarum L.

Myosurus minimus L.

Myricaria germanica (L.) Desv.

Ophioglossum lusitanicum L.

Osmunda regalis L.

Pancratium maritimum L.

Papaver argemone L.

Papaver hybridum L.

Pholiurus pannonicus (Host) Trin.

Pilularia minuta Durieu

Pinguicula vulgaris L.

Plantago indica L.

Plantago tenuiflora Waldst. et Kit.

Polygonum arenarium Waldst. et Kit.

Potentilla palustris (L.) Scop.

Prunus tenella Batsch

Puccinellia distans (L.) Parl. ssp. distans

Puccinellia distans (L.) Parl. ssp. Limosa (Schur) Jáv.

Pulsatilla pratensis (L.) Miller ssp. nigricans (Störck) Zam.

Rhynchospora alba (L.) Vahl

Saccharum ravennae (L.) Murray

Scirpus cespitosus L.

Scirpus mucronatus L.

Scirpus setaceus L.

Scirpus supinus L.

Sporobolus pungens (Schreb.) Kunth

Tofieldia calyculata (L.) Wahlenb.

Trifolium michelianum Savi

Triglochin bulbosa L.

Triglochin maritimum L.

Triglochin palustris L.

Typha laxmannii Lepech.

Typha minima Funck

Vaccaria hispanica (Miller) Rauschert

Ventenata dubia (Leers) Coss.

Veronica dillenii Crantz

List of stenoendemic taxa of vascular flora of Croatia requiring specific habitat conservation measures not included in the Emerald species list

1. Aethionema saxatile (L.) R. Br. ssp. scopulorum (Ronniger) I. A. Anderson, A. Carlström, Franzén, Karlen et H. Nybom (M)

2. Allium horvatii Lovrić (M)

3. Allium incensiodorum Radić (M)

4. Anthyllis aurea Host ssp. velebitica Degen (A)

5. Argyrolobium dalmaticum (Vis.) Asch. et Graebn. (M)

6. Aristolochia croatica Horvatić (M)

7. Arum orientale M.Bieb. ssp. longispathum (Rchb.) Engl. (M)

8. Asperula borbasiana Korica (M)

9. Asperula staliana Vis. (M)

10. Asperula staliana Vis. ssp. arenaria Korica (M)

11. Asperula staliana Vis. ssp. issaea Korica (M)

12. Asperula staliana Vis. ssp. staliana (M)

13. Asperula visianii Korica (M)

14. Asperula wettsteinii Adamović (A)

15. Asperula woloszczakii Korica (M)

16. Asplenium hybridum (Milde) Bange (M)

17. Astragalus angustifolius Lam. ssp. biokovensis Kušan (A)

18. Astragalus pelecinus (L.) Barneby ssp. dalmatica Trinajstić (M)

19. Brassica botterii Vis. (M)

20. Brassica cazzae Ginzb. et Teyber (M)

21. Brassica mollis Vis. (M)

22. Campanula poscharskyana Deg. (M)

23. Carlina fiumensis Simonk. (M)

24. Centaurea biokovensis Teyber (A)

25. Centaurea crithmifolia Vis. (M)

26. Centaurea cuspidata Vis. (M)

27. Centaurea dalmatica A.Kern. (M)

28. Centaurea friderici Vis. (M)

29. Centaurea incompta Vis. (M)

30. Centaurea jabukensis Ginzb. et Teyber (M)

31. Centaurea radichii Plazibat (A)

32. Centaurea ragusina L. (M)

33. Centaurea visianiana Plazibat (M)

34. Degenia velebitica (Degen) Hayek (A)

35. Edraianthus dalmaticus (A.DC.) A.DC. (M)

36. Edraianthus dinaricus (A.Kern.) Wettst. (A,M)

37. Edraianthus pumilio (Schult.) A.DC. (M)

38. Edraianthus serpyllifolius (Vis.) A.DC. (A,M)

39. Fibigia triquetra (DC.) Boiss. ex Prantl (M)

40. Helleborus multifidus Vis. ssp. istriacus (Schiffn.) Merxm. et Podl. (A,M)

41. Hieracium velebiticum Degen et Zahn (A)

42. Hyacinthella dalmatica (Baker) Chouard (M)

43. Iris pseudopallida Trinajstić (M)

44. Iris pseudopumila Tineo (M)

45. Iris x rotschildii Degen (M)

46. Knautia adriatica Ehrend. (M)

47. Knautia clementii (Beck) Ehrend. (M)

48. Knautia dalmatica Beck (M)

49. Knautia velebitica Szabó (A)

50. Limonium subanfractum Trinajstić (M)

51. Limonium vestitum (Salmon) Salmon (M)

52. Lolium subulatum Vis. (M)

53. Lonicera glutinosa Vis. (M)

54. Micromeria pseudocroatica Šilić (A)

55. Ornithogalum dalmaticum Speta (M)

56. Ornithogalum televrinum Speta (M)

57. Ornithogalum visianicum Tomm. (M)

58. Oxytropis dinarica (Murb.) Wettst. ssp. velebitica Chrtek et Chrtková (A)

59. Oxytropis dinarica (Murb.) Wettst. ssp. weberi Chrtek et Chrtková (A)

60. Pinus nigra Arnold ssp. dalmatica (Vis.) Franco (M)

61. Primula kitaibeliana Schott (A)

62. Ranunculus dalmaticus Grossg. (M)

63. Senecio papposus (Rchb.) Less. ssp. kitaibelii (Jáv.) Cufod. (A)

64. Seseli tomentosum Vis. (M)

65. Silene velebitica (Degen) Wrigley (A)

66. Vincetoxicum hirundinaria Medik. ssp. adriaticum (Beck) Markgr. (M)

67. Viola adriatica Freyn (M)

68. Viola dinarica Trinajstić (A)

MARINE FLORA

Marine species, which appear in Croatia, for the Selection of Sites to be included in the National Inventories of Natural Sites of Conservation Interest – Barcelona Convention (see page 33):

Species code	Species name	Annex II	Annex III

	Magnoliophyta
2276	Posidonia oceanica	Y
2277	Zostera marina	Y
3001	Zostera noltii	Y

	Phaeophyta
2043	Cystoseira amentacea (including var. stricta and var. spicata)	Y
2044	Cystoseira mediterranea	Y
2046	Cystoseira spinosa (including C. adriatica)	Y
2047	Cystoseira zosteroides	Y
2049	Laminaria rodriguezii	Y

	Rhodophyta
2039	Goniolithon byssoides	Y
2040	Lithophyllum lichenoides	Y

FAUNA

Proposed extended list of

Croatian non-marine animals for Emerald Network

Prepared by Nikola Tvrtković, PhD

Zoologist and director of Croatian Natural History Museum, Zagreb

[email protected]

On the list of Appendix 10 of Resolution 6. of the Standing Committe of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats are 176 terrestrial, freshwater (including transitional water) and aerial species requiring specific habitat conservation measures in Croatia. On this list are only 1 % endemic taxa, distantly from actual situation with high endemism, especially in Dinaric Alps and in karst area along the Adriatic coast. Only one cave species (Proteus anguinus) is on the list, contrary high valorisation of Dinaric karst as most richest underground habitat with troglobites and stygobites on the World (Culver & Sket 2000). Some endangered habitats like brakish habitats, temporary waters, springs and dune habitats are without representatives too. But, it is probably usual in first stage of process of incorporation of new country into Emerald Network, surrounded partialy with countries in similar situation.

In consultation and collaboration with specialists for different groups of animals from Croatia and Slovenia (Franković, M.; Gjurašin, B.; Gottstein-Matočec, S.; Jalžić, B.; Kletečki, E.; Kryštufek, B.; Kršinić, F.; Kučinić, M.; Leiner, S.; Mrakovčić, M.; Ozimec, R.; Sivec, N.; Sket, B.; Šašić, M.; Štamol, V.; Tutiš, V.; Velkovrh, F..; Zupančić, ) we prepared first draft of our proposal to extend list of Croatian species requiring habitat conservation measurements. Our proposal content, except extraordinarly high number of cave and interstitial species, have relatively high additions in Arthropods, Fishes, Molluscs and Mammals, and only two more species of Reptiles, and no additions in Birds, Amphibians and Lampreys (Tab. 1).

Table 1. Short statistical review of proposed additions to the List of species requiring specific habitat conservation measures from Croatia. Vertebrates and Invertebrates without marine species.

	Starting Croatian List from Append.. 10 of Emerald Network	Proposed additional species from Croatia without cave fauna	Proposed additional cave and interstitial invertebrates from Croatia	Croatian taxa if proposal will be accept	Croatian endemic taxa in App. 10	Croatian endemic taxa if proposal will be accept	% endemic taxa of all proposed taxa
Mammals	22	7	0	29	0	0	0
Aves	101	0	0	101	0	0	0
Reptiles	5	2	0	7	0	0	0
Amphibians	6	0	0	6	0	0	0
Lampreys	3	0	0	3	0	0	0
Fishes	28	10	0	38	4	7	5.4 %
Arthropods	10	29	39	78	0	39	50 %
Molluscs	1	8	66	75	0	38	50 %
Other invertebrates	0	0	5	5	0	2	40 %
All animals	176	56	110	342	4	86	25%

From proposed Arthropodes are higher number of the butterflies (11 species): eight species from the Red List of Van Swaay & Warren (1999) for Europe and three stenoendemic taxa from very isolated parts of Dinaric Alps. All these butterflies are on the first Red List of Croatian Butterflies (in press). Seven species are crustaceans from Brachipoda group: they live in Croatia generally very threatened habitats – temporary flooded depressions near big rivers or temporary ponds. Proposed are some other species too, like dragonsfly Aeschna viridis, known only from one locality near Drava river (oxbow with threatened plant Stratiotes aloides and their small water reservoirs, important microhabitat for dragonflies larvae). Two species of caddis-flies (Trichoptera) are both steoendemic, living only in some karstic springs. Two stoneflies (Plecoptera) are inhabitans of metapotamal streams. They are threatened with extinction because of their sensitivity on water pollution. Grasshopper Acrida hungarica is one of the last representatives of high number of steppe-like meadows on dunes along Drava river in the past. Prionotropis hystrix hystrix is endemic grasshopper of dry rocky seminatural pastures on Mediterranean foothils of Dinaric Alps, recently in decline because of loss of traditional cattle breeding.

All of teen proposed freshwater fishes are from IUCN 2002 Red Data List, mostly highly endangered. Two are from Danube tributary, both Vulnerable and need protection of habitats, and others are from endemic and relict Adriatic rivers communities. Two of them (Chondrostoma phoxinus, Leuciscus ukliva) are Criticaly Endangered, only small isolated rest of large population from past survive. Leuciscus turskyi is on the IUCN list as Extinct, but last small population of the species was found in Vrba stream near Čikola spring (Krka river tributary). All proposed fishes are on new Red List of Croatian freshwater fish fauna (in press).

Half of proposed water snails are the representatives of threatened small brakish springs and creeks, or river bed of estuaries (Obrovia, Hydrobia), and a rest are water snails from isolated tufa deposits of Pannonian Mts. (Graziana), Adriatic islands or coastal freshwater springs (Adrioinsulana, Vinodolia).

In proposed group of mammals, five are on IUCN 2002 Red Data List and two are new species from bat genus Plecotus, geneticaly confirmed (Mayer & von Helversen 2001; Spitzenberger et all. 2001; Spitzenberger et all. 2002; Kiefer et al. 2002). Their restricted distribution and small populations need protection in nesting and foraging habitats. All other mammal species with international IUCN status are in Croatia in decline, and on new Croatian Red List (in press). For example, Dinaric relict vole (Dinaromys bogdanovi) inhabited only restricted localities with special type of karst, and it is very sensitive for threats because of K-selection type of life (Kryštufek et al. 2001).

From snakes, dice snake (Natrix tessellata) loss habitats (canalizing streams) and natural food resurces with poverty of fish species in polluted waters. Blind snake (Typhlops vermicularis) are restricted to Mediterranean karst fields (food are mostly termite) and threatened with new mechanical type of preparaton of soil (to deep ploughing).

The largest group of proposed additions are mostly from cave invertebrates and in smaller number from interstitial invertebrates. Our choise are from the most threatened groups and species (mostly water cave animals), to representatives of some specific partialy threatened habitats, like ice caves (Leptodirus, Astagobius, Speoplanes, Spelaeodromus), cave hygropetricum (Radziella, Prospaeleobates, Croatodirus), karst springs of portable water (Hydrobiidae gen.spec.), intersticial brakish water habitats or anchihaline waters in caves (Hadzia, Melita, Monodella, Heleobia, Lanzaia sketi), and subthermal subterranean springs (Protelsonia hungarica thermalis, Pseudoniphargus adriaticus, Hadziella thermalis). High number of proposed species is result of their restricted distribution, in most cases in only one cave system or one or small number of neighbouring springs. Only with this number of species it is possible to cover most of important and threatened individual localities. Some of species from proposed list are unique cave representatives of some higher taxonomic groups, like sponge Eunapius subterraneus, clam Congeria kusceri, hydrozoan Velkovrhia enigmatica and serpulid tube worm Marifugia cavatica, and all are relicts from Tertiary. Recent findings of new unexpected species like Velebit cave leech Croatobranchus mestrovi (Sket et al. 2001) and probably new species of Congeria (Jalžić 2001) require urgent protection of Dinaric karst underground habitats.

Emerald Network – proposed list of Croatian animals without cave and marine species

Prepared by Nikola Tvrtković, PhD

[email protected]

Geographic regions abbreviations used are: P-Pannonian, C–Continental, A-Alpine, M-Mediterranean

Marked with * are taxa from IUCN 2002 Red List.

Marked with ** are taxa from European Red List –Lepidoptera (Van Sway & Warren)

VERTEBRATES

Mammals (Taxonomy after Wilson & Reeder1993)

CHIROPTERA

Vespertilionidae

1. Plecotus alpinus (A, M)

2. Plecotus kolombatovici (M)

RODENTIA

Myoxidae

3. Dryomys nitedula* (A)

Muridae

4. Dinaromys bogdanovi * (A, M)

5. Micromys minutus * (P, C, A, M)

6. Mus spicilegus *(P) NT

7. Nannospalax leucodon * (P)

Reptiles

OPHIDIA

Typhlophidae

8. Typhlops vermicularis (M)

Colubridae

9. Natrix tessellata (P, C, A, M)

Fishes (Taxonomy after Kottelat, 1997)

OSTEICHTHYES

Acipensiridae

10.Acipenser ruthenus * (P, C)

Salmonidae

11.Salmothymus obtusirostris * (M)

Cyprinidae

12.Aulopyge huegeli * (M)

12.Chondrostoma knerii * (M)

14.Chondrostoma phoxinus * (M)

15.Leuciscus polylepis * (A) endemic

16.Leuciscus turskyi * (M) endemic

17.Leuciscus ukliva * (M)

Gobiidae

18.Knipowitschia croatica * (M) endemic

Umbridae

19.Umbra krameri * (P, C)

INVERTEBRATES

Arthropods

INSECTA

Odonata

20.Aeschna viridis (C, P)

Trichoptera

21.Arthripsodes dalmatinus (M) endemic

22.Drusus croaticus (A) endemic

Plecoptera

23.Isogenus nubecula (C)

24.Marthamea vitrripenis (C)

Lepidoptera, Rhopalocera

25.Apatura metis ** (P)

26.Erebia phegea dalmata (M) endemic

27.Erebia oeme megaspodia (A) endemic

28.Erebia styria gorana (A) endemic

29.Leptidea morsei ** (C)

30.Maculinea alcon ** (C, A)

31.Maculinea arion ** (A)

32.Maculinea rebeli * (A)

33.Nymphalis xanthomelas ** (C, P)

34.Parnassius apollo liburnicus * (A) endemic

35.Scolitantides orion ** (A)

Orthoptera

36.Acrida hungarica (P)

37.Prionotropis hystrix hystrix (M) endemic

CRUSTACEA

Decapoda

38.Austropotamobius torrentinum * (C, A)

Copepoda

39.Acartia italica (M)

Brachipoda, Anostraca

40.Brachipus spp. (P, C, M)

41.Chirocephalus croaticus * (A) endemic

42.Streptocephalus torvicornis (P)

Brachipoda, Notostraca

43.Eoleptestheria spinosa * (P, C)

44.Lepidurus apus (C, M)

45.Limnadia spp. (P)

46.Triops cancriformis (C, M)

Amphipoda

47.Niphargus hrabei *(P, C)

48.Niphargus valachicus * (P, C)

MOLLUSCS (taxonomy after CLECOM project, Aug 2001, Göteborgs NatHistMus)

GASTROPODA

Neotaenioglossa

Hydrobiidae

49.Obrovia salaria (M) endemic

50.Obrovia testadura (M) endemic

51.Hydrobia cissana (M) endemic

52.Hydrobia spalatina (M) endemic

53.Adrioinsulana conovula (M) endemic

54.Vinodolia fiumana (M) endemic

55.Graziana papukensis (C) endemic

56.Graziana slavonica (C) endemic

Emerald Network – proposed List of Croatian

Cave Invertebrates

Prepared by Nikola Tvrtković, PhD

[email protected]

Geographic regions abbreviations used are: C–continental, A-alpine, M-Mediterranean)

Marked with * are taxa from IUCN 2002 Red List

INVERTEBRATES

Arthropods

INSECTA

Coleoptera, Catopiidae

1. Radziella styx (A) endemic

2. Prospaelobates bagnoloi (M) endemic

3. Croatodirus bozicevici (A) endemic

4. Leptodirus hochenwarti (A)

5. Astagobius spp. (angustatus, hadzii) (A) 1 endemic

6. Spaeoplanes giganteus (A) endemic

7. Redensekia likana (A) endemic

8. Spelaeodromus pluto (A) endemic

9. Spelaeobates spp. (M) (bachofeni, czernyi, kraussi, novaki, peneckei, pharensis) all endemics

10. Speonesiotes spp. (M) (dorotkanus, paganettii) 1 endemic

ARACHNIDA

Araneae

11. Stalita pretneri (A, M) endemic

12. Troglohyphantes spp. (7) (A, M) 5 endemics

Opiliones

13. Lola insularis (M) endemic

14. Travunia jandai (M) endemic

CRUSTACEA

Decapoda

15. Speleocaris pretneri (A, M)

16. Troglocaris anophthalmus *(A, M)

Amphipoda

17. Hadzia fragilis (M)

18. Niphargus castellanus (M) endemic

19. Niphargus croaticus (A) endemic

20. Niphargus hvarensis (M) endemic

21. Niphargus kolombatovici (A, M)

22. Niphargus miljeticus (M) endemic

23. Niphargus pectencoronatus (M) endemic

24. Melita spp. (valesi) (M)

25. Pseudoniphargus adriaticus (M)

26. Salentinella angelieri (M)

27. Typhlogammarus mrazeki (A, M)

Isopoda

28. Monolistra spp.(A:caeca, velkovrhi, hercegovinensis, sketi, M:bericum, pretneri)

2 endemics

29. Protelsonia hungarica thermalis (C) endemic

30. Sphaeromides virei (M)

Ostracoda

31. Mixtacandona hvarensis (M) endemic

Thermosbaenacea

32. Monodella halophila (M)

MOLLUSCA (taxonomy after CLECOM project, Aug 2001, Göteborgs NatHistMus)

BIVALVIA

Veneroida

Dreissenidae

38. Congeria kusceri (A, M)

GASTROPODA

Pulmonata

Acroloxidae

39. Acroloxus spp. (cave species only) (A) 1 endemic

Planorbidae

40. Ancylus spp. (cave species only) (C, A)

Carychiidae

41. Zospeum spp. (5) (C, A, M) 1 endemic

Zonitidae

42. Aegopis spaeleus (M)

43. Trogloaegopis mosorensis (M) endemic

44. Meledella werneri (M) endemic

Prosobranchia

Cyclophoridae

45. Pholeoteras eutrix (M)

Neotaenioglossa

Hydrobiidae

46. Belgrandiella croatica (A) endemic

47. Belgrandiella krupensis (M) endemic

48. Belgrandiella pageti (A) endemic

49. Belgrandiella torifera (M)

50. Bythinella kapelana (A) endemic

51. Bythinella magna (A) endemic

52. Cilgia dalmatica (M)

53. Costellina spp. (M) (labiata, turrita) 1 endemic
54. Dalmatella spp. (M) 2 endemic

55. Hadziella spp. (C: thermalis, A: rudnicae, M: anti, sketi) 3 endemic

56. Hauffenia spp. (A: media, tovunica, M: jadertina, edlaueri, plana, sinjana)

3 endemic

57. Heleobia (Semisalsa) spp.(2) (M) 1 endemic

58. Iglica spp. (C: langhofferi, M forumjuliana, bagliviaeformis, elongata)

59. Islamia latina (M) endemic

60. Istriana mirnae (M) endemic

61. Lanzaia spp. (A: rudnicae, M: edlaueri, kotlusae, kusceri, skradinensis, sketi, vjetrenicae)

4 endemic

62. Orientalina spp. (A: bosnica, M: curta, troglobia) 1 endemic

63. Paladilhiopsis spp. (A: grobbeni, M: illustris, pretneri, sp.(Lastovo Isl.)

2 endemic

64. Plagygeria spp. (M) (asculpta, klemmi, nitida, robusta, zetaprogne)

65. Sadleriana cavernosa (A) endemic

66. Sadleriana supercarinata (A) endemic

67. Saxurinator spp. (M) (brandtii, labiatus, microbeliscus)

Neritopsina

Neritidae

68. Theodoxus (Neritea) subterrelictus (M)

SPONGES

Spongilidae

33. Eunapius subterraneus (A) endemic

HIRUDINEA

Erpobdellidae

34. Croatobranchus mestrovi (A) endemic

35. Dina absoloni (A, M)

HYDROZOA

Bougainvilliidae

36. Velkovrhia enigmatica (A)

POLYCHAETA

Serpulidae

37. Marifugia cavatica (C, A, M)

EMERALD NETWORK – PROPOSED LIST OF MARINE SPECIES

Prepared by Tatjana Bakran-Petricioli, Ph D

Department of Oceanography, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Zagreb

List of marine species requiring specific habitat conservation measures according to Bern Convention is lacking many species important for Mediterranean, as well as for Adriatic, so from the Croatian point of view it is necessary to supplement this list with marine species listed for the selection of sites to be included in the national inventories of natural sites of conservation interest in Croatia according to Barcelona Convention (II.B.).

Marine fauna, which appear in Croatia, for the Selection of Sites to be included in the National Inventories of Natural Sites of Conservation Interest – Barcelona Convention:

Species code	Species name	Annex II	Annex III

	Porifera
2564	Asbestopluma hypogea	Y
3018	Aplysina sp. Plur.	Y
3002	Axinella cannabina	Y
2565	Axinella polypoides	Y
3003	Geodia cydonium	Y
3032	Hippospongia communis		Y
3004	Ircinia foetida	Y
2566	Petrobiona massiliana	Y
3006	Spongia agaricina		Y
3007	Spongia officinalis		Y
3009	Tethya sp. Plur.	Y

	Cnidaria
3010	Antipathes sp. Plur.		Y
1001	Corallium rubrum		Y
2562	Gerardia savaglia	Y

	Echinodermata
2587	Asterina pancerii	Y
1008	Centrostephanus longispinus	Y
2588	Ophiodiaster ophidianus	Y
3011	Paracentrotus lividus		Y

	Bryozoa
3012	Hornera lichenoides	Y

	Mollusca
2574	Ranella olearia (=Argobuccinum olearium = A. giganteum)	Y
2568	Charonia lampas (= Ch. Rubicanda = Ch. Nodifera)	Y
2569	Charonia tritonis (= Ch. Seguenziae)	Y
2571	Erosaria spurca	Y
1027	Lithophaga lithophaga	Y
2572	Luria lurida (= Cypraea lurida)	Y
2573	Mitra zonata	Y
1012	Patella ferruginea	Y
2581	Pholas dactylus	Y
1028	Pinna nobilis	Y
2580	Pinna rudis (= P. pernula)	Y
2576	Tonna galea	Y
2577	Zonaria pyrum	Y

	Crustacea
3013	Homarus gammarus		Y
3014	Maja squinado		Y
3015	Palinurus elephas		Y
1090	Scyllarides latus		Y
3016	Scyllarides pigmaeus		Y
3017	Scyllarides arctus		Y

	Pisces
1100	Acipenser naccarii	Y
1101	Acipenser sturio	Y
1102	Alosa alosa		Y
1103	Alosa fallax		Y
3019	Anguilla anguilla		Y
1152	Aphanius fasciatus	Y
3020	Cetorhinus maximus	Y
2486	Carcharodon carcharias	Y
3021	Epinephelus marginatus		Y
2539	Hippocampus ramulosus	Y
2538	Hippocampus hippocampus	Y
2489	Huso huso	Y
3022	Isurus oxyrinchus		Y
3023	Lamna nasus		Y
1099	Lampetra fluviatilis		Y
3024	Mobula mobular	Y
1095	Petromyzon marinus		Y
1154	Pomatoschistus canestrinii	Y
2552	Pomatoschistus tortonesei	Y
3025	Prionace glauca		Y
3026	Raja alba		Y
3027	Sciaena umbra		Y
3028	Squatina squatina		Y
3029	Thunnus thynnus		Y
3030	Umbrina cirrosa		Y
3031	Xiphias gladius		Y

	Reptiles
1224	Caretta caretta	Y
1227	Chelonia mydas	Y
1223	Dermochelys coriacea	Y

	Mammalia
2618	Balaenoptera acutorostrata	Y
2621	Balaenoptera physalus	Y
1350	Delphinus delphis	Y
1348	Eubalaena glacialis	Y
2029	Globicephala melas	Y
2030	Grampus griseus	Y
1366	Monachus monachus	Y
1351	Phocoena phocoena	Y
2624	Physeter macrocephalus	Y
2028	Pseudorca crassidens	Y
2034	Stenella coeruleoalba	Y
1349	Tursiops truncatus	Y
2035	Ziphius cavirostris	Y

Besides that the proposal is to add that endemic fish species for Adriatic:

Syngnathus taenionotus (Family : SYNGNATHIDAE)

Chromogobius zebratus zebratus (Family : GOBIIDAE)

Corcyrogobius liechtensteini (Family : GOBIIDAE)

Speleogobius trigloides (Family : GOBIIDAE)

Didogobius schlieweni (Family : GOBIIDAE)

Appendix IV.

Emerald habitat types in Croatia within biogeographical regions

Pannonic

22.31 Euro-Siberian perennial amphibious communities

22.321 Dwarf spike-rush communities

22.412 Frogbit rafts

22.413 Water-soldier rafts

22.414 Bladderwort colonies

22.415 Salvinia covers

22.4321 Water crowfoot communities

22.4323 Water violet beds

37.2 Eutrophic humid grasslands

41.2 Oak-hornbeam forests

44.1 Riparian willow formations

64 Inland sand dunes

Continental

22.31 Euro-Siberian perennial amphibious communities

22.321 Dwarf spike-rush communities

22.412 Frogbit rafts

22.413 Water-soldier rafts

22.414 Bladderwort colonies

22.415 Salvinia covers

22.4321 Water crowfoot communities

22.4323 Water violet beds

22.44 Chandalier algae submerged carpets

24.2 River gravels

31.2 European dry heaths

34.3 Dense perennial grasslands and middle European steppes

35.11 Mat-grass swards

37.2 Eutrophic humid grasslands

37.3 Oligotrophic humid grasslands

38.25 Continental meadows

41.1 Beech forests

41.1C1 Illyrian woodrush-beech forests

41.1C2 Illyrian neutrophile beech forests

41.1C21 Illyrian collinar neutrophile beech forests

41.1C221 Illyrian low-montane acidocline fir-beech forests

41.1C31 Illyrian coastal beech forests

41.1C321 Illyrian hop-hornbeam beech forests

41.2 Oak-hornbeam forests

41.2A1 Illyrian sessile oak-hornbeam forests

41.2A2 Illyrian pedunculate oak-hornbeam forests

41.4 Mixed ravine and slope forestsž

41.5 Acidophilous oak forests

41.573 Illyro-Pannonic thermophille acidophilous oak forests

41.5733 Illyro-Pannonic chesnut-sessile oak forests

41.5734 Illyrian birch-sessile oak acidophilous forests

41.5734B Illyrian fescue-sessile oak forests

41.7 Thermophilous and supra-Mediterranean oak woods

41.737 Eastern submediterranean white oak woods

41.73751 Illyrian hop-hornbeam white oak woods

41.8 Mixed thermophilous forests

42.5C Southeastern European Scots pine forests

42.62 Western Balkanic black pine forests

42.621 Dinaro-Pelagonian Pinus nigra forests

42A Western Palaearctic cypress, juniper and jew forests

44.1 Riparian willow formations

44.2 Boreal-Alpine river galleries

44.3 Middle European stream ash-alder woods

44.43 Southeast European ash-oak-alder forests

44.4311 Illyrian snow-flake ash-oak forests

44.4312 Illyrian greenweed oak-ash forests

44A Birch and conifer mire woods

53.3 Fen-sedge beds

54.12 Hard water spring mires

54.2 Rich fens

64 Inland sand dunes

Alpine

34.3 Dense perennial grasslands and middle European steppes

41.1 Beech forests

41.1C21 Illyrian collinar neutrophile beech forests

41.1C222 Illyrian low-montane neutrophile fir-beech forests

41.1C31 Illyrian coastal beech forests

41.1C4 Illyrian subalpine beech forests

41.7 Thermophilous and supra-Mediterranean oak woods

41.73751 Illyrian hop-hornbeam white oak woods

45.3 Holm-oak forests

Mediterranean

11.22 Sublittoral soft seabeds

11.24 Sublittoral rocky seabeds and kelp forests

11.25 Sublittoral organogenic concretions

11.26 Sublittoral cave communities

11.27 Soft sediment littoral communities

11.3 Sea‑grass meadows

13.2 Estuaries

15.1132 Venetian glasswort swards

15.5 Mediterranean and thermo-Atlantic salt meadows

15.6 Mediterraneo-nemoral saltmarsh scrubs

15.8 Mediterranean salt steppes

15 A Continental salt steppes and saltmarshes

16.2 Dunes

17.3 Sea kale communities

21 Coastal lagoons

22.11 Lime-deficient oligotrophic waterbodies

22.341 Short Mediterranean amphibious swards

24.2 River gravels

34.5 Mediterranean xeric grasslands

35.7 Mediterraneo-montane mat-grass swards

41.1 Beech forests

41.1C1 Illyrian woodrush-beech forests

41.7 Thermophilous and supra-Mediterranean oak woods

41.736 East Adriatic white oak woods

41.73751 Illyrian hop-hornbeam white oak woods

41.8 Mixed thermophilous forests

42.62 Western Balkanic black pine forests

42.621 Dinaro-Pelagonian Pinus nigra forests

42.6215 Illyrian submediterranean Pinus nigra forests

42.83 Stone pine forests

42.A Western Palaearctic cypress, juniper and jew forests

44.43 Southeast European ash-oak-alder forests

44.4326 Istrian ash-oak-alder forests

45 Kermes oak forests

53.3 Fen-sedge beds

54.12 Hard water spring mires

65 Caves

Appendix V.

List of Emerald habitat types present in Croatia with proposed new terrestrial habitat types specific for Croatia

Prepared according to materials submitted by: Jasenka Topic, Ph D, Department of Botany,

Faculty of Natural Scineces, Zagreb

List of endangered habitat types present in Croatia are marked with one *

Note: some new habitat types proposed to be added to this list (specific for Croatia) are described shortly here.

Biogeographical regions are added: M-Mediterranean, P-Pannonic, C-continental, A-Alpine

1 . COASTAL AND HALOPHYTIC COMMUNITIES

11. OCEAN AND SEAS, MARINE COMMUNITIES

11.2 Benthic communities

! 11.22 Sublittoral soft seabeds

! 11.24 Sublittoral rocky seabeds and kelp forests

! 11.25 Sublittoral organogenic concretions

! 11.26 Sublittoral cave communities

! 11.27 Soft sediment littoral communities

! 11.3 Sea‑grass meadows

11.4 Brackish sea vascular vegetation

! 11.42 Marine spike‑rush beds

12. SEA INLETS AND COASTAL FEATURES

! 12.7 Sea‑caves

13. ESTUARIES AND TIDAL RIVERS

! 13.2 Estuaries (M) *

! 14. MUD FLATS AND SAND FLATS

15. SALTMARSHES, SALT STEPPES, SALT SCRUBS, SALT FORESTS

15.1 Annual salt pioneer swards

! 15.1132 Venetian glasswort swards (M) *

! 15.114 Iberian glasswort swards

! 15.115 Continental glasswort swards

! 15.13 Sea‑pearlwort communities

! 15.14 Central Eurasian crypsoid communities

15.3 Boreo‑nemoral coastal salt meadows

! 15.32 Atlantic lower schorre communities

! 15.33 Atlantic upper schorre communities

! 15.34 Atlantic brackish saltmarsh communities

! 15.4 Suboceanic inland salt meadows

! 15.5 Mediterranean salt meadows (M) *

! 15.6 Mediterraneo‑Nemoral saltmarsh scrubs (M) *

! 15.7 Mediterraneo‑Canarian xero‑halophile scrubs

! 15.8 Mediterranean salt steppes (M) *

! 15.9 Mediterranean gypsum scrubs

! 15.A Continental salt steppes and saltmarshes (M) *

16. COASTAL SAND DUNES AND SAND BEACHES

! 16.2 Dunes (M) *

! 16.3 Humid dune‑slacks

17. SHINGLE BEACHES

! 17.3 Sea kale communities (M) *

1A. COASTAL AGROSYSTEMS

! 1A.1 Machair

2 . NON-MARINE WATERS

! 21. COASTAL LAGOONS (M) *

22. STANDING FRESH WATER

22.1 Permanent ponds and lakes (M) *

! 22.11 Lime‑deficient oligotrophic waterbodies

22.3 Amphibious communities

! 22.31 Euro‑Siberian perennial amphibious communities (CP) *

22.32 Euro‑Siberian dwarf annual amphibious swards

! 22.321 Dwarf spike‑rush communities (CP) *

! 22.322 Dune‑slack centaury swards

22.323 Dwarf toad‑rush communities

! 22.3232 Small galingale swards

! 22.3233 Wet ground dwarf herb communities

22.34 Mediterraneo‑Atlantic amphibious communities

! 22.341 Short Mediterranean amphibious swards (M) *

! 22.342 Tall Mediterranean amphibious swards

! 22.344 Serapias grasslands

22.35 Central Eurasian amphibious communities

! 22.351 Pannonic riverbank dwarf sedge communities

22.4 Euhydrophyte communities

22.41 Free‑floating vegetation

! 22.412 Frogbit rafts (CP) *

! 22.413 Water‑soldier rafts (CP) *

! 22.414 Bladderwort colonies (CP) *

! 22.415 Salvinia covers (CP) *

! 22.416 Aldrovanda communities

22.43 Rooted floating vegetation

22.431 Floating broad‑leaved carpets

! 22.4316 Sacred lotus beds

22.432 Shallow‑water floating communities

! 22.4321 Water crowfoot communities (CP) *

! 22.4323 Water violet beds (CP) *

! 22.44 Chandalier algae submerged carpets (C) *

! 22.5 Turlough and lake‑bottom meadows

23. STANDING BRACKISH AND SALT WATER

! 23.1 Athalassal saline lakes

! 23.3 Salt lake islands

24. RUNNING WATER

! 24.2 River gravel banks (MC) *

! 24.422 Tufa stream vegetation (MC) *

Euhydrophyte moss and algae communities of Palearctic streams poor in nutrients but rich in lime, forming infra-aquatic tufa deposits.

This type of vegetation is important for some karstic rivers (Krka National Park) including continental and mediterranean part of flow with specific habitats. The habitat is endangered by hydroacumulation bodies and dams causing the change in water regime, as well as by eutrofication.

! 24.423 Tufa cascade vegetation (MC) *

Euhydrphyte moss and algae communities of streams poor in nutrients but rich in lime, forming large, structuring, tufa deposits, with a complex arrangement of subcommunities, characteristic, in particular , of the karst region of the eastern Adriatic.Unique cascades on Krka river, Korana river and National park of Plitvice are endangered by hydroacumulation bodies and dams, or by eutrofication, causing the overgrowing of cascades by bushes and trees and breaking them down.

3 . SCRUB AND GRASSLAND

31. TEMPERATE HEATH AND SCRUB

! 31.1 European wet heaths

! 31.2 European dry heaths (C) *

! 31.3 Macaronesian heaths

31.4 Alpine and boreal heaths

31.42 Alpenrose heaths

! 31.424 Carpathian Kotschy's alpenrose heaths

! 31.425 Balkan Kotschy's alpenrose heaths

! 31.46 Bruckenthalia heaths

! 31.7 Hedgehog‑heaths

31.8 Western Eurasian thickets

31.8B South‑eastern deciduous thickets

! 31.8B1 Pannonic and sub‑Pannonic thickets

32. SCLEROPHYLLOUS SCRUB

32.2 Thermo‑Mediterranean shrub formations

! 32.22 Tree‑spurge formations

! 32.24 Palmetto brush

! 32.25 Mediterranean pre‑desert scrub

! 32.26 Thermo‑Mediterranean broom fields (retamares)

! 32.2B Cabo de Sao Vicente brushes

! 32.B Illyrian garrigues (M)*

Shrubby formations, often low, of the meso- and occasionally supra-Mediterranean zones of the Adriatic coast and islands, composed of sclerophylous heliophytes, such as Rosmarinus officinalis, Erica arborea, Erica manipuliflora, Cistus incanus, Cistus monspeliensis, Cistus salviifolius, Pistacia lentiscus, with a number of geophytes such as mediterranean orchids, Crocus ssp., Romulea bulbocodium, Colchicum ssp.

These habitats (communities Erico-Rosmarinetum, Erico-Cistetum cretici, Cisto-Ericetum arboreae) are endangered by abandoning traditional agriculture (extensive sheep grazing), fireing and cutting off, reforestration with Pinus halepensis and vegetation succession toward the mediterranean forests. Such areas represents not only the biological diversity (several times more plant species than climat zonal forest), but also the landsape peculiarity of Adriatic coast.

! 33. PHRYGANA

34. STEPPES AND DRY CALCAREOUS GRASSLANDS

34.1 Middle European pioneer swards

34.11 Middle European rock debris swards

! 34.112 Houseleek communities

! 34.2 Lowland heavy metal grasslands

! 34.3 Dense perennial grasslands and middle European steppes (C) *

! 34.5 Mediterranean xeric grasslands (M) *

! 34.9 Continental steppes

! 34.A Sand steppes

35. DRY SILICEOUS GRASSLANDS

35.1 Atlantic mat‑grass swards and related communities

! 35.11 Mat‑grass swards (C) *

! 35.7 Mediterraneo‑montane mat‑grass swards (M) *

37. HUMID GRASSLAND AND TALL HERB COMMUNITIES

37.1 Lowland tall herb communities

! 37.13 Continental tall herb communities

! 37.14 Eastern nemoral tall herb communities

! 37.2 Eutrophic humid grasslands (CP) *

! 37.3 Oligotrophic humid grasslands (C) *

! 37.4 Mediterranean tall humid grasslands

37.7 Humid tall herb fringes

37.71 Watercourse veils

! 37.711 Angelica archangelica fluvial communities

! 37.712 Angelica heterocarpa fluvial communities

! 37.713 Marsh mallow screens

38. MESOPHILE GRASSLANDS

38.2 Lowland high meadows

38.23

! 38.237 Illyrian submontane hay meadows (C) *

Submontane mesophile hay meadows of the beech level of the Dinarides, within the range of the Fagion illyricum, dominated by Trisetum flavescens, with Poa pratensis, Arrhenatherum elatius , Festuca pratensis, Achemilla xanthochlora. The meadows of Alchemillo-Trisetetum are endangered by both the abandoning of mawing and excessive manuring, the latter causing the development of Arrhenatheretum, much poorer community in plant species.

! 38.25 Continental meadows (C) *

4 . FORESTS

41. BROAD‑LEAVED DECIDUOUS FORESTS

! 41.1 Beech forests (C) *

! 41.2 Oak‑hornbeam forests (CP) *

! 41.4 Mixed ravine and slope forests (C) *

! 41.5 Acidophilous oak forests (C)

! 41.6 Quercus pyrenaica forests

! 41.7 Thermophilous and supra‑Mediterranean oak woods (MC) *

! 41.8 Mixed thermophilous forests (MC) *

! 41.H Euxino‑Hyrcanian mixed deciduous forests

42. TEMPERATE CONIFEROUS FORESTS

42.1 Western Palaearctic fir forests

! 42.124 Dinaric calcareous block fir forests (C) *

Abies alba-dominated forests of calcareous block slopes of the Dinarides, in Croatia mostly in Gorski kotar(western Croatia). They include primaeval and near natural forests of considerable biological and aesthetic value.In addition to Abies alba, there grow Juniperus nana, Calamagrostis varia, Rosa pendulina, Clematis alpina, Ribes petraeum, Cirsium erisithales, mosses and ferns. Being there on the verge of its ecological possibilities, Abies alba is very sensitive to climate changes and air pollution.

! 42.1322 Illyrian acidophile fir forests (C) *

Acidophile fir forest of the montane and submontane levels of the Dinarides, developed in stations edaphically or microclimatically unfabourable to beech, dominated by Abies alba with a varying admixture of Picea abies and Fagus sylvatica, with a mixture of illyrian (Fagion illyricum) and boreal (Piceion) species, unusually rich in ferns and mosses.

Rare habitat in Dinarides with relatively small area of acidophilous forest (Blechno-Abietetum) is, due to high quality of Abies alba trunks (height to 30m), potentially endangered by excessive cutting.

! 42.15 Southern Apennine silver fir forests

! 42.16 Southern Balkan silver fir forests

! 42.17 Balkano‑Pontic fir forests

! 42.19 Afro‑Asian fir forests

42.2 Western Palaearctic orogenous spruce forests

! 42.21 Alpine and Carpathian sub‑alpine spruce forests

! 42.22 Inner range montane spruce forests

! 42.23 Hercynian subalpine spruce forests

42.24 Sub‑Mediterranean Norway spruce forests

! 42.241 Rhodope spruce forest

! 42.243 Montenegrine spruce forest

! 42.244 Paeonian spruce forest

! 42.245 Balkan Range spruce forest

42.25

! 42.255 Dinaric spruce forests (C) *

Spruce forests of the subalpine, montane or submontane levels of the Dinarides, dominated by Picea abies on calcareous block slopes, karst-dolines and dolomite rendzina containing both illyrian and boreal plants, acidophylous as well as calciphilous ones. These forests are mostly virgin forests or near-natural forests of biological and landscape value. The only thread is the use of spruce wood, which is of excellent hardness quality, due to very slow growth.

! 42.27 Omorika spruce forests

! 42.28 Oriental spruce forests

42.3 Alpine larch‑arolla forests

! 42.31 Eastern Alpine siliceous larch and arolla forests

! 42.32 Eastern Alpine calcicolous larch and arolla forests

! 42.35 Carpathian larch and arolla forests

! 42.36 Larix polonica forests

42.4 Mountain pine forests

! 42.41 Rusty alpenrose mountain pine forests

! 42.42 Xerocline mountain pine forests

42.5 Western Palaearctic Scots pine forests

! 42.51 Caledonian forest

42.52 Middle European Scots pine forests

42.523 Western Eurasian steppe pine forest

! 42.5232 Sarmatic steppe pine forest

! 42.5233 Carpatian steppe pine frests

! 42.5234 Pannonic Scots pine steppe woods

42.54 Spring heath Scots pine forests

! 42.542 Carpatian relict calcicolous Scots pine forest

! 42.5C South‑eastern European Scots pine forests (C) *

! 42.5F Ponto‑Caucasian Scots pine forests

42.6 Black pine forests

! 42.61 Alpino‑Apennine Pinus nigra forests

! 42.62 Western Balkan Pinus nigra forests (MC) *

! 42.63 Salzmann's pine forests

! 42.64 Corsican laricio pine forests

! 42.65 Calabrian laricio pine forests

! 42.66 Banat and Pallas' pine forests

! 42.7 High oro‑mediterranean pine forests

42.8 Mediterranean pine woods

42.81 Maritime pine forests

! 42.811 Charente pine‑holm oak forests

! 42.812 Aquitanian pine‑cork oak forests

! 42.814 Iberian maritime pine forests

! 42.82 Mesogean pine forests

! 42.83 Stone pine forests (M) *

42.84 Aleppo pine forests

! 42.841 Iberian Aleppo pine forests

! 42.842 Balearic Aleppo pine forests

! 42.843 Provenço‑Ligurian Aleppo pine forests

! 42.844 Corsican Aleppo pine woods

! 42.845 Sardinian Aleppo pine woods

! 42.846 Sicilian Aleppo pine woods

42.847 Italic Aleppo pine forests

! 42.8471 Gargano Aleppo pine forests

! 42.8472 Metapontine Aleppo pine forests

! 42.8473 Umbrian Aleppo pine forests

! 42.848 Hellenic Aleppo pine forests

! 42.849 Illyrian Aleppo pine forests

! 42.84A East Mediterranean Aleppo pine forests

! 42.85 Aegean pine forests

! 42.9 Canary Island pine forests

! 42.A Western Palaearctic cypress, juniper and yew forests (CM) *

! 42.B Western Palaearctic cedar forests

44. TEMPERATE RIVERINE AND SWAMP FORESTS AND BRUSH

! 44.1 Riparian willow formations (CP) *

! 44.2 Boreo‑alpine riparian galleries (C) *

! 44.3 Middle European stream ash‑alder woods (C) *

44.4 Mixed oak‑elm‑ash forests of great rivers

! 44.41 Great medio‑European fluvial forests

! 44.43 South‑east European ash‑oak‑alder forests (C) *

! 44.44 Po oak‑ash‑alder forests

! 44.5 Southern alder and birch galleries

44.6 Mediterraneo‑Turanian riverine forests

! 44.66 Ponto-Sarmatic mixed poplar riverine forest

! 44.69 Irano-Anatolian mixed riverine forests

! 44.7 Oriental plane and sweet gum woods

! 44.8 Southern riparian galleries and thickets

44.9 Alder, willow, oak, aspen swamp woods

44.91 Adler swamp woods

44.911 Meso-eutrophic swamp alder woods

! 44.9115 Eastern Carpathian alder swamp woods

! 44.914 Steppe swamp alder woods

! 44.A Birch and conifer mire woods (C) *

! 44.B Euxino‑Hyrcanian wet ground forests

! 45. TEMPERATE BROAD‑LEAVED EVERGREEN FORESTS (M) *

5 . BOGS AND MARSHES

51. RAISED BOGS

! 51.1 Near‑natural raised bogs

! 52. BLANKET BOGS

53. WATER‑FRINGE VEGETATION

! 53.3 Fen‑sedge beds (CM) *

54. FENS, TRANSITION MIRES AND SPRINGS

54.1 Springs

! 54.12 Hard water springs (MC) *

! 54.2 Rich fens (C) *

! 54.3 Arcto‑alpine riverine swards

54.4 Acidic fens

54.42 Black-white-star sedge fens

! 54.426 Peri-Danubian black-white-star sedge fens

! 54.483 Illyrian sedge-beak-sedge fens (C) *

Specific acidic fen community of the Illyrian region composed of Carex nigra, Carex echinata, Carex flava, Eriophorum angustifolium and Rynchospora alba. Being more spread in Croatia in past, now is progressively and rapidly decreasing its area and loosing the characteristic fen species. At the moment only fragments occur in Hrvatsko Zagorje and Banovina. They are endangered by anthropogeneous influence (manuring of surrounding area), changes in water regime, longterm climate changes, vegetation succession.

! 54.5 Transition mires

! 54.6 White beak‑sedge and mud bottom communities

! 54.8 Aapa mires

! 54.9 Palsa mires

! 54.A Polygon mires

6 . INLAND ROCKS, SCREES AND SANDS

61. SCREES

61.3 Western Mediterranean and thermophilous screes

61.31 Peri‑Alpine thermophilous screes

! 61.313 Paris Basin screes

! 64. INLAND SAND DUNES (CP)*

! 65. CAVES (M)*

9 . WOODED GRASSLANDS AND SCRUBS

91. PARKLANDS

! 91.2 Dehesa

! 93. WOODED STEPPE

Emerald habitat list –

proposed new subterranean habitats specific for Croatia

Prepared by Sanja Gottstein-Matocec. Ph D
Department of Ecology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Zagreb

Croatian subterranean habitats, such as deep, moist sinkholes and limestone glades, and some alluvial deposits, have numerous relictual organisms. A high degree of endemism occurs in animal species in the limestone glades of the Dinarides. Some troglobites and stygobites are extremely rare as well as their habitats and microhabitats. Since some subterranean species are endemic to a single locality or a small cluster of localities, and many subterranean habitats have been disturbed and polluted, it is possible that some species have disappeared.

However, some important subterranean habitats that normally occur in Croatia are not covered nor defined in the Emerald classification. Unfortunately, Palaearctic habitat classification regarding presented cave habitats is not quite applicable for Croatian subterranean habitats due to the previously mentioned fact as well as that structure of the Emerald habitat classification is partly not properly organised in view of cave habitats in general.

Our proposal of revised subterranean habitat classification is appended as a separate file titled “Proposed revision on classification of Croatian subterranean habitats”. Also, we propose that omitted Croatian habitats should be added to the existing list of habitats.

These important habitats are:

65 A1 Terrestrial cave habitats

65 A11 Semi caves and cave entrances

65 A12 Fossil cave

65 A14 Ice caves

65 A2 Transitive cave habitats

65 A21 Cave hygropetricum

65 A22 Marifugia aggregations

65 A3 Aquatic (freshwater) cave habitats

65 A31 Subterranean running waters

65 A311Subterranean creek (brook) waters

65 A312 Subterranean rivers

65 A3121 Endogenous cave rivers

65 A3122 Exogenous cave rivers

65 A32 Subterranean non-running waters

65 A321 Subterranean lakes

65 A322 Cave clay pools

65 A323 Rimstone pools

65 A511 Descending marine caves and pits (=12.711)

65 A6 Temporary freshwater submarine springs (vrulje, vruje)

65 B Interstitial subterranean habitats

65 B1 Interstitial terrestrial habitats

65 B11 Superficial underground terrestrial habitats (MSS, milieu souterrain superficiel)

65 B12 Mostly dry epikarstic fissures

65 B2 Interstitial aquatic habitats

65 B23 Hypotelminorheos

65 B24 Psammolittoral

65 B241 Marine psammolittoral

65 B242 Freshwater psammolittoral

Explanation of the habitats:

65 A1 Terrestrial cave habitats

They are cave habitats that exclude area with permanent water. Crevices, rocks, layers of clay and guano deposits are examples that normally exist in subterranean terrestrial habitats.

65 A11 Semi caves and cave entrances

Semi caves as well as cave entrances are environmental zones exposed largely to the changes in environmental physical conditions. They are habitats where outside influence dominates in its biological environment. The seed plants and ferns inhabit those habitats, but hepatics and mosses could replace them.

65 A12 Fossil cave

Caves no longer containing the freshwater stream or active speleothems. They are rarely very old, and their life span delimits the chronology of the deposits contained. Bones and other animal and plant remains are buried in the sediment and sometimes embedded in a karstic cover. The bones that enter a cave have been of fresh origin or as individual bones as carnivore pray. In some cases, the conservation process in the caves is so good that mummified remains of extinct species have been obtained.

65 A14 Ice caves (= 65.42 – Palaearctic classification)

Caves distributed on the higher altitude with seasonal snow and ice. Those caves have seasonal two-way airflow that depends on air pressure conditions outside. These patterns in such caves do occur only in winter, which results in internal cold air accumulation. Caves are inhabited by relict troglobitic invertebrates, mostly cave beetles (some species of Astagobius, Anophthalmus, Neotrechus, Antrocherpon, Lovricia, Spaeoplanes), some cave Pseudoscorpiones (Protoneobisium, Roubaliella, Neobisium), troglophilic Trichoptera, etc.

65 A2 Transitive cave habitats

Specific habitats with temporary water.

65 A21 Cave hygropetricum

Usually ephemeral habitat where sheets of water flowing over rock faces which requires special adaptations of its inhabitants (silk threads, hooks, suckers, etc.). Some conspicuously troglomorphic bathysciine beetles (Coleoptera: Catopidae: Bathysciinae) regularly occur in thin layers of water, slipping down the cave walls. These apparently obligate and microphaguos hygropetric beetles may be accompanied by the amphipod Typhlogammarus mrazeki and the endemic leech Croatobranchus mestrovi in Mt Velebit.

65 A22 Marifugia aggregations

The old and recent aggregations of calcareous tubes of Marifugia cavatica with the community which lives among fissures of calcareous tubes. They are periodically flooded and dried up. Frequently inhabitant of this community is terrestrial gastropod Vitrea.

65 A3 Aquatic (freshwater) cave habitats

An important part of the functional structure of a karstic aquifer.

65 A31 Subterranean running waters

They are represented by drainage axis (subterranean free rivers, cave streams), characterised by a sub-horizontal circulation and periodic flooding, which can flood the galleries, totally or partially.

65 A311 Subterranean creek (brook) waters

Running water habitat where the speed of water circulation is high. Water flows among crumbled stones and through subterranean canyons.

65 A312 Subterranean rivers

The seasonal flood of the subterranean rivers constitutes an important supply of organic matter – basic for maintaining the subterranean populations (swimming and benthos forms). They represent a special habitat for large aquatic vertebrate stygobites such as cave salamander Proteus anguinus.

65 A3121 Endogenous cave rivers

They originate from the collection of water from the vadose zone.

65 A3122 Exogenous cave rivers

They originate from surface rivers entering through sinkholes.

65 A32 Subterranean non-running waters

Subterranean habitats with no obvious circulation, various in depth and volume of water. Water in cave pools and lakes can also become supersaturated with respect to calcite, through the slow loss of CO₂ from the pool surface, allowing calcite to deposit on the walls and floors of the pool.

65 A321 Subterranean lakes

Habitats varying in water depth and volume. The lake bottom consists of sand, calcite dust and clay. Subterranean lakes harbouring benthic and planchtonic communities that include various stygobitic invertebrates such as Porifera (Eunapius subterraneus), Turbellaria, Hydrozoa (Velkovrhia enigmatica), Gastropoda, Bivalvia (Congeria kusceri), Polychaeta (Marifugia cavatica), Hirudinea (Dina absoloni), Crustacea – Isopoda (Monolistra, Sphaeromides), Amphipoda (Niphargus), Decapoda (Troglocaris anophthalmus), etc. They represent also a special habitat for large aquatic vertebrate stygobites such as cave salamander Proteus anguinus.

65 A322 Cave clay pools

They are characterised by low water, but flood periods can flood it totally or partially. Pool deposits are with clay. A fair range of copepods has been recorded from clay pools. Some of them appear to be troglobitic, but mostly they are troglophiles. Many Niphargus species are found in clay pools and for some species this may be their normal habitat.

65 A323 Rimstone pools

Pool deposits are typically ornamented and irregular with many projecting crystal faces. They vary in size from a few centimetres in height to many meters in width and several meters in height. Some are formed on flat floors and some on steep flowstone slopes. Rimstone pools tend to be rough and porous in texture and much less dense than flowstone, except for those pools that are part of the flowstone slopes themselves. Some Crustaceans have been found in rimstone pools such as Isopoda (Monolistra, Proasellus) and Amphipoda (Niphargus).

65 A511 Descending marine caves and pits (=12.711 – “Proposed classification of Croatian marine habitats”)

65 A6 Temporary freshwater submarine springs (vrulje, vruje) (=12.81 – “Proposed classification of Croatian marine habitats”)

65 B Interstitial subterranean habitats

They are confined to the interconnected microspaces of the colluvions and in gravel and sand sediments, which are dry or filled by water. They are inhabited mostly by small and/or elongated organisms.

65 B1 Interstitial terrestrial habitats

They are inhabited by communities occupying the compartment of the subterranean ecosystem that is in direct contact with the lower horizon of the soil at the depth ranging from a few centimetres to few meters. Also this type of habitat includes interconnected microspaces of the colluvions or the fissures of the superficial zones of the bedrock.

65 B11 Superficial underground terrestrial habitat (MSS, milieu souterrain superficiel) (= 65A – Emerald classification)

Mesovoid shallow substratum is formed on the lower part of the soil layer, at the depth of few centimetres to the several meters. MSS is composed of a network of small voids connected with cracks and fissures of the cave karstic system in the upper part of geological bedrock. Specific interstitial troglobitic and troglophilic invertebrates inhabit it: Coleoptera, Myriapoda, Isopoda, Aranea, Pseudoscorpiones, Collembola, Diplura etc.

65 B12 Mostly dry epikarstic fissures

Fissures in this sense, applied generally for karst area are ecotones, which are known to affect energy flow between adjacent systems – epigean world and large caves. They include any kind of discontinuity within the rock mass that is either initially open or capable of being opened by dissolution to provide a route for water movements. They constitute spatially fixed compartments in a short time scale, which separate temporarily lightened and dark environments. The diversity, abundance and spatio-temporal distribution of epikarstic fissures communities depend upon the size and distribution of penetrable spaces, organic-matter transport, and mobility of invertebrates.

65 B2 Interstitial aquatic habitats

They exist in the gravel, sand, clay and unconsolidated rocks in the bed of some subterranean rivers and in the bed of surface rivers, and in the deeper part of alluvial sediment. Groundwater fills the interstitial space in unconsolidated rocks, gravel, sand and clay, and forms narrow labyrinthine channels that are interconnected. Fine sediment accumulates between cobbles and gravel, mainly sand and silt, on which microorganisms develop. The animals are generally of minute size and elongated shape compared to their surface dwelling relatives, they are blind and unpigmented, and they have reduced limbs and/or elongated sensorial structures, which compensate the lack of vision.

65 B23 Hypotelminorheic interstitial communities (=hypotelminorheos)

These communities exist in soil of mountains and hills and they have a network of interstitial spaces, where the water flows with low speed above the impermeable level. The water has a horizontal circulation through humus and it has infiltration-runoff through the secondary spring, mostly as a seepage. Frequently, this soil is filled with crumbled stones and it contains numerous roots and high concentration of organic matter. This biotope has further features of subterranean environment: complete darkness and low daily and seasonal variation of temperature. The separation between hypotelminorheos and other subterranean habitats (caves) has based on high concentration of organic matter in hypotelminotheos as a significant food supply. The separation between hypotelminotheos and other soil habitat has based on existence of running water in hypotelminorheos.

65 B24 Psammolittoral

Pertaining to sands along lake and seashores.

65 B241 Marine psammolittoral

It is interstitial habitat of marine beaches. The intertidal zone, where interstitial populations are best developed, is subject to wave action and to large spatio-temporal variations in temperature and salinity. Surface layers of intertidal sand are subject to drying at low tide. Because of tidal action, water circulation and interstitial oxygen levels are higher than in freshwater beaches.

65 B242 Freshwater psammolittoral

It is interstitial habitat of freshwater beaches of lakes. Capillarity raises the water in sand beaches as much as 10 cm above the water table. The interstitial water of lake beaches contains appreciably greater amounts of dissolved organic and inorganic matter than the adjacent open water.

Emerald habitat list – proposed new marine habitats specific for Croatia

Prepared by Tatjana Bakran-Petricioli. Ph D
Department of Oceanography, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Zagreb

*11.26A Sublittoral community of caves and ducts in total darkness

*12.711 Descending marine caves and pits

*12. 8 Submerged karst

*12.81 Vruljas (submerged temporary freshwater springs)

*12.82 Karstic marine lakes

*12.83 Submerged river canyons (with remains of submerged calcium tuffa barriers)

*12.84 Submerged naked karst

*13.24 Karstic microtidal estuaries (salt-wedge estuaries)

Explanation:

11.26A - sublittoral community of caves and ducts in total darkness is very important part of marine caves and it should be added.

12.711 - in submerged caves and pits that have descending character (where cold winter water can reside for the whole year) due to unique thermohaline properties of Mediterranean Sea, bathyal organisms can be found in shallow areas in the littoral zone. Finding of carnivorous sponge Asbestopluma hypogea (submarine pit on Dugi otok) and hexactinellid sponge Oopsacas minuta (in cave on southern part of Hvar island) on depths of less than 30 m are good examples.

12.8 – submerged karst is characteristic for Croatian part of Adriatic and it is important on the level of the whole Mediterranean. All these phenomena (12.81 - 12.84), as well as Adriatic marine caves, were formed in subaerial conditions in the past and they were submerged after the last glaciationduring quaternary sea level rise. Since marine caves already have its position in I.A we added here:

12.81 - vrulje (submerged temporary freshwater springs) are result of the pressurized water flow in karst above sea level. That pressure can expel seawater from these channels, which are rest of ancient (before ice age) freshwater flow, down to seventy meters as in vrulja Plantaža near Starigrad (Paklenica). Majority of vrulje are in, so-called, sieve shape but some are like underwater pits (vrulja Vruja near Omiš). Organisms in vrulje are subjected to temporary salinity shocks. Although there was some research of vrulja’s geomorphological properties, very little is known about their biology. In some vrulje the deepest (natural) settlement of mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis was registered (-65 m in vrulja Plantaža). Typical examples and regions: Ika (foot of Učka mountain), numerous vrulje in Velebitski channel (e.g. near Žrnovnica), in the foot of Biokovo mountain (vrulja Vruja).

12.82 - karstic marine lakes are rare karstic phenomena of Croatian coast. They are sea water bodies enclosed in limestone, which are in contact with surrounding coastal sea through fissures in karstic rocks or very narrow and shallow channels, so tides are noticeable but reduced. Almost permanent water column stratification (temperature, salinity, oxygen concentration, presence of H₂S) is present in some of them. Benthic and planktonic communities in marine lakes significantly differ from communities that can be found in surrounding coastal sea. Typical examples and regions: Zmajevo Oko (Rogoznica) and Mir (Telašćica, Dugi otok). In a broader sense Mljet marine lakes can be also included in this category.

12.83 - submerged river canyons (with remains of submerged calcium tuffa barriers) of Croatian karstic rivers Zrmanja and Krka can be traced on today’s seabed. Even some ancient tuffa barriers were found in such canyons, which were submerged after the last glaciation during quaternary sea level rise.

12.84 - submerged naked karst is rare worldwide (usually submerged karst is covered with sediment). Marine communities live on such formations, especially coralligenous biocenosis which is already listed as important. Example for such habitat is submerged naked karst in Rivanj channel in Zadar County.

13.24 - karstic microtidal estuaries (salt-wedge estuaries) were formed when, due to quaternary sea level rise, seawater entered into the river mouth and canyons formed in limestone. Seawater slips under the freshwater towards the nearest active calcium tuffa barrier (the last along the river flow, in Krka river is almost 40 km towards the land, in Zrmanja river 14 km) forming a karstic salt wedge estuary with very pronounced stratification. Many specific biogeochemical processes are taking place there. Different aspects of our karstic estuaries are relatively well researched except for benthos. Typical examples and region: river Krka and Zrmanja (middle Dalmatia).

We also propose that another human influenced (made) habitat should be added to the Palaearctic habitat classification: maricultural areas due to recent increase in such activities and their significant environmental impact:

82.5 Maricultural areas (areas of seabed and water column used by mariculture)

82.51 Fish farms

82.52 Oyster and mussel farms

Appendix VI.

Preliminary list of
Sites of geological interest in Croatia

Sites of geological interest as possible element of ecological network

Appendix VII.

Proposal of the List of Palearctic habitat types

TERRESTRIAL HABITATS IN CROATIA

extract for Croatia from the Palearctic habitat types list,

completed with new proposed habitat types

Prepared by: Jasenka Topić and Ljudevit Ilijanić

15 SALTMARSHES, SALTSTEPPES, SALT SCRUBS

15.1 Annual salt pioneer swards

15.11 Glasswort swards

15.113 Mediterranean glasswort swards

15.1133 Mediterranean glasswort-seabblite-saltwort swards

15.11331 Upper shore Mediterranean glasswort swards

15.11332 Mediterranean annual seablite and saltwort swards

15.4 Continental salt steppes

15.44 Pannonic salt steppes

15.5 Mediterranean and thermo-Atlantic salt meadows

15.51 Mediterranean tall rush saltmarshes

15.511 Euro-Mediterranean coastal tall rush saltmarshes

15.52 Mediterranean short rush-sedge-barley-clover coastal saltmeadows

15.53 Mediterranean halo-psammophile meadows

15.531 Euro-Mediterranean coastal halo-pasammopile meadows

15.531A East Adriatic halo-psammophile meadows

15.55 Mediterranean coastal-saltmarsh grass swards

15.56 Mediterranean saltmarsh driftlines

15.6 Mediterraneo-nemoral saltmarsh scrubs

15.61 Mediterranean saltmarsh scrubs

15.612 Shrubby glasswort thickets

15.616 Mediterranean sea-purslane-woody glasswort scrubs

15.8 Mediterranean salt steppes

15.81 Mediterranean sea-lavender salt steppes

15.812 Adriatic sea-lavender steppes

15.8123 East Adriatic sea-lavender steppes

15.8124 Dalmatian Goniolimon steppes

16 COASTAL SAND DUNES AND SAND BEACHES

16.1 Sand beaches

16.11 Unvegetated sand beaches

16.12 Sand beach driftline communities

16.123 Tethyan sand beach driftline communities

16.2 Dunes

16.21 Shifting dunes

16.211 Embryonic dunes

16.2112 Western Tethyan embryonic dunes

12.21121 Western Tethyan sand couch dunes

16.211212 Northern Mediterranean sand couch dunes

17 SHINGLE BEACHES

17.1 Unvegetated shingle beaches

17.2 Shingle beach drift lines and pioneer swards

17.23 Tethyan gravel beach communities

17.6 Gravel bank woods

18 SEA-CLIFFS NAD ROCKY SHORES

18.1 Sea-cliff faces, seaside rocks

18.2 Sea-cliff and rocky shore aerohaline communities

18.22 Tethyan sea-cliff communities

18.221 Western Tethyan sea-cliff communities

18.2211 East Adriatic sea-cliff communities

18.2211A Karst knapweed cliffs

18.2211B Dalmatian knapweed cliffs

18.2211C Stands with Euphorbia dendroides

18.2211D Vardean cliff community (see also 62.1164)

18.2212 Rocky shores

18.2212A East Adriatic rocky shores community with Limonium cancellatum

18.2212B East Adriatic rocky shores community with Limonium anfractum

18.2212C East Adriatic rocky shores community with Limonium vestitum

19 ISLETS, ROCK STACKS, REEFS, SHOALS

19.1 Lithogenic rock stacks and islets

19.2 Surface und underwater rocks

19.3 Barrier islands, spits

19.4 Banks and shoals

2. NON-MARINE WATERS

21. COASTAL LAGOONS

21.1 Sea-connected lagoons

22. STANDING FESHWATER

22.1 Permanent freshwater ponds and lakes

22.11 Lime-deficient oligotrophic waterbodies

22.12 Mesotrophic waterbodies

22.13 Europhic waterbodies

22.15 Lime-rich oligo-mesotrophic waterbodies

22.16 Lacustrine benthic communities

22.2 Temporary freshwater bodies

22.21 Lime-defficient oligotrophic temporary waterbodies

22.22 Mesotrophic temporary waterbodies

22.23 Eutrophic temporary waterbodies

22.25 Lime-rich oligo-mesotrophic temporary waterbodies

22.26 Lake muds, sands and shingles

22.27 Temporary waterbody benthic communities

22.3 Amphibious macrophyte communities

22.31 Euro-Siberian perennial amphibious communities

22.312 Spike-rush shallow-water swards

22.312A Marsilea beds

22.32 Euro-Siberian dwarf annual amphibious swards

22.321 Dwarf spike-rush communities

22.323 Dwarf toad-rush communities

22.33 Bur marigold communities

22.34 Mediterraneo-Atlantic amphibious communities

22.341 Short Mediterranean amphibious swards

22.3414 Mediterranean small galingale swards

22.3415 Mediterranean Fimbristylis swards

22.3419 Mediterranean dwarf Scirpus swards

22.341A Mediterranean Eleocharis swards

22.343 Mediterranean amphibious crypsis swards

22.4 Lacustrine euhydrophite communities

22.41 Free-floating vegetation

22.411 Duckweed covers

22.412 Frogbit rafts

22.413 Water-soldier rafts

22.414 Bladderwort colonies

22.415 Salvinia covers

22.42 Rooted submerged vegetation

22.421 Large pondweed beds

22.422 Small pondweed beds

22.43 Rooted floating vegetation

22.431 Floating broad-leaved carpets

22.4311 Waterlily beds

22.43111 Nuphar beds

22.43112 Northern Nymphaea beds

22.4312 Water chesnut carpets

22.4313 Nymphoides carpets

22.4314 Broad-leaved pondweed carpets

22.4315 Amphibious bistort carpets

22.432 Shallow-water floating communities

22.4321 Water crowfoot communities

22.4322 Water starwort communities

22.4323 Water violet beds

22.44 Chandalier algae submerged carpets

22.441 Chara carpets

22.4411 Deep water Chara carpets

22.4412 Shallow water Chara carpets

22.442 Nitella carpets

22.6 Lacustrine islets

24 RUNNING WATER

24.1 Rivers and streams

24.11 Springs and mires

24.12 Epirhitral and metarhitral streams

24.13 Hyporhitral streams

24.14 Epipotamal streams

24.15 Metapotamal and hypopotamal streams

24.16 Intermittent streams

24.17 Waterfalls

24.2 River gravels

24.21 River gravel deposits

24.211 River gravel banks

24.22 River gravel communities

24.223 Montane river gravel low brush

24.224 Gravel bank thickets and woods

24.225 Mediterranean river gravel communities

24.3 River sands

24.31 River sand deposits

24.311 River sand banks

24.32 River sand communities

24.4 Euhydrophytic river vegetation

24.42 Lime rich oligotrophic river vegetation

24.421 Calciphile oligotrophic river vegetation

24.422 Tufa stream vegetation

24.423 Tufa cascade vegetation

24.43 Mesotrophic river vegetation

24.44 Eutrophic river vegetation

24.5 River muds and silts

24.51 River silt deposits

24.52 Euro-Siberian annual river mud communities

24.53 Mediterranean river mud communities

24.6 Riverbed rocks, pavements and blocks

3. SCRUB AND GRASSLAND

31 TEMPERATURE HEATH AND SCRUB

31.2 European dry heaths

31.22 Sub-Atlantic Calluna-Genista heaths

31.228 Illyrian heaths

31.22B Central European basicline heaths

31.22B3 Dinaric basicline ling heaths

31.4 Alpine and boreal heaths

31.43 Southern Palaearctic mountain dwarf juniper scrub

31.431 Mountain Juniperus nana scrub

31.432 Juniperus sabina scrub

31.4324 Dinarid Juniperus sabina scrub

31.4B Alpide high mountain greenweed heaths

31.4B1 Rayed broom heaths

31.5 Dwarf pine scrub

31.57 Pelago-Dinaride dwarf mountain pine scrub

31.6 Subalpine and oreoboreal bush communities

31.62 Subalpine and oreoboreal willow brush

31.621 Alpide willow brush

31.6216 Southeastern alpigenous willow brush

31.62161 Dinaride willow brush

31.63 Subalpine mixed brushes

31.633 Subalpine bramble bush

31.8 Western Palaearctic temperate thickets

31.81 Euro-Atlantic mesophilous thickets

31.812 Thickets of blackthorn

31.8121 Atlantic and Middle European thickets of blackthorn

31.81211 Middle European thickets of blackthorn

31.81212 Submediterranean thickets of blackthorn

31.86 Bracken fields

31.861 Sub-Atlantic bracken fields

31.862 Sub-Mediterranean bracken fields

31.863 Supra-Mediterranean bracken fields

31.87 Woodland clearings

31.871 Herbaceous clearings

31.8711 Willowherb and foxglove clearings

31.8712 Burdock and deadly nightshade clearings

31.872 Red-berried elder thickets

31.88 Common juniper scrub

31.882 Bracken fields with common juniper scrub

31.8B Subcontinental and continental deciduous thickets

31.8B2 Illyro-Adriatic deciduous thickets

31.8B21 Illyro-Adriatic oriental hornbeam thickets

31.8B22 Illyro-Adriatic mixed tkickets

31.8B23 Illyro-Adriatic Christ's thorn brush

31.8B2A Illyro-Adriatic thicket with Petteria ramentacea

31.8C Hazel thickets

31.8C4 Subcontinental hazel thickets

31.8D Deciduous scrub woodland

31.8F Mixed scrub woodland

31.8G Coniferous scrub woodland

31.8H Mountain and subalpine thickets of Rhamnus fallax

31.8I Mediterranean thickets of dalmatian raspberry

32 SCLEROPHYLLOUS SCRUB

32.1 Arborescent matorral

32.11 Evergreen oak matorral

32.114 Eastern Mediterranean oak matorral

32.1144 East Adriatic Q. ilex arborescent matorral

32.1145 East Adriatic Q. coccifera arborescent matorral

32.116 Mediterranean evergreen oak low woods

32.1161 Quercus ilex low woods

32.1162 Quercus coccifera low woods

32.12 Olive, pistacchio and myrtle matorral

32.121 Olive matorral

32.123 Pistacchio matorral

32.124 Myrtle matorral

32.13 Juniper matorral

32.131 East Adriatic matorral of Juniperus oxycedrus

32.132 Phoenician juniper arborescent matorral

32.14 Pine matorral

32.143 Alepo pine arborescent matorral

32.7 Pseudomaquis

32.71 Heleno-Balkanic pseudomaquis

32.9 Ermes

32.91 Asphodel fields

32.92 Thistle fields

32.93 Phlomis brushes

32.94 Ferula stands

32.A Spanish-broom fields

32.B Illyrian garrigues

32.B1 Illyrian kermes oak garrigues

32.B2 Illyrian rosmary garrigues

32.B3 Illyrian Cistus garrigues

32.B31 Illyrian Cistus incanus garrigues

32.B32 Illyrian Cistus salviifolius garrigues

32.B33 Illyrian Cistus monspeliensis garrigues

32.B4 Illyrian spurge garrigues

32.B41 Illyrian spiny spurge garrigues

32.B42 Illyrian unarmed spurge garrigues

32.B5 Illyrian prostrate juniper garrigues

32.B6 Illyrian sage and other labiates garrigues

32.B7 Illyrian Christ's thorn garrigues

32.B8 Illyrian broom garrigues

32.B9 Illyrian Helichrysum and other compositae garrigues

32.BA Illyrian Erica garrigues

32.BA1 Illyrian Erica arborea garrigues

32.BA2 Illyrian Erica multiflora garrigues

32.BA3 Illyrian Erica manipuliflora garrigues

34. STEPPES AND DRY CALCAREOUS GRASSLANDS

34.3 Dense perennial grasslands and middle European steppes

34.31 Sub-continental steppic grasslands

34.315 Sub-Pannonic steppic grasslands

34.316 Moesio-Carpathian steppes

34.3161 Moesio-Carpathian dry steppic grasslands

34.31611 Moesio-Carpathian grassland Danthonio-Chrysopogonetum

34.32 Sub-Atlantic semidry calcareous grasslands

34.329 Illyrian Mesobromion grasslands

34.3291 Illyrian brome-plantain grasslands

34.3292 Illyrian Sesleria grasslands

34.3293 Illyrian Molinia-Gladiolus grasslands

34.3294 Illyrian Globulario-Chrysopogonetum grasslands

34.4 Thermophile forest fringes

34.41 Xero-thermophile fringes

34.41A Sub-Mediterranean xero-thermophile fringes (Dyctamno-Ferulaginion)

34.42 Mesophile fringes

34.5 Mediterranean xeric grasslands

34.53 East Mediterranean xeric grasslands

34.531 Eastern retuse torgrass swards

34.5311 East-Adriatic retuse torgrass swards

34.5312 East-Adriatic maritime bent swards

34.5313 Starry-headed clover grasslands

34.5314 Oryzopsis grasslands

34.6 Mediterraneo-montane grasslands

34.57 Eastern sub-Mediterranean dry grasslands

34.751 Lowland savory-chrysopogon dry grasslands

34.7512 East Adriatic savory-chrysopogon dry grasslands

34.75121 East Adriatic savory-fescue-hairgrass grasslands

34.75122 East Adriatic sage-feathergrass grasslands

34.75123 East Adriatic asphodel-chrysopogon grasslans

34.75124 Dalmatian thrift grasslands

34.75125 East Adriatic Aethionema grasslands

34.752 Mountain savory-chrysopogon dry grasslands

34.7521 Rock knapweed-dwarf sedge grasslands

34.7522 Savory-edraianthus grasslands

34.7523 Mucronated sedge grasslands

34.7524 Robust moor grass grasslands

34.753 Viper's grass dry grasslands

34.7531 Viper's grass-lime sieglingia grasslands

34.7532 Spurge-chrysopogon grasslands

34.7533 Restharrow-brome grasslands

34.7534 Viper's grass-catscar grasslands

34.7535 Lousewort-dwarf sedge grasslands

34.7536 Croatian fescue-meadowgrass grasslands

34.7537 Cleistogenes grasslands

34.8 Mediterranean subnitrophilous grasslands

34.81 Mediterranean subnitrophilous grass communities

35. DRY SILICEOUS GRASSLANDS

35.1 Atlantic closed acidophilous grasslands

35.11 Mat-grass swards

35.115 Illyrian mat-grass swards

35.116 Awnless sheep's fescue swards

35.3 Mediterranean therophytic siliceous grasslands

35.32 East Adriatic decalcified grasslands

35.3A South Dinaric acidophilous grassland

36. ALPINE AND SUBALPINE GRASSLANDS

36.4 Boreo-Alpic calciphilous alpine grasslands

36.41 Closed calciphile alpine grasslands

36.417 Dinaro-Moesian oligophile closed calcicolous grasslands

36.4171 Dinaric oligophile closed calcicolous grasslands

36.41711 Dinaric pungent fescue grasslands

36.41712 Dinaric violet fescue grasslands

36.41713 Dinaric closed evergreen sedge grasslands

36.41714 Dinaric spotted cat's ear-violet fescue grasslands

36.418 Dinaro-Moesian mesophile closed calcicolous grasslands

36.4181 Dinaric rusty sedge grasslands

36.43 Calciphilous stepped and garland grasslands

36.433 Cushion sedge carpets

36.4334 Dinaric cushion sedge carpets

36.438 Oro-Moesian calciphile stripped grasslands

36.4381 Dinaric calciphile stripped grasslands

36.4382 Dinaric calciphile Edraianthus carpets

37. HUMID GRASSLAND AND TALL HERB COMMUNITIES

37.1 Lowland tall herb communities

37.11 Western nemoral tall herb communities

37.112 Subcontinental riverine tall herb stands

37.2 Eutrophic humid grasslands

37.21 Sub-Atlantic humid grasslands

37.211 Angelica stands

37.219 Wood club-rush stands

37.23 Subcontinental riverine meadows

37.231 Giant plantain meadows

37.232 Shinny spurge-long-leaved speedwell meadows

37.233 Pale clover meadows

37.234 Gratiolo officinalis-Caricetum praecox-suzae meadow

37.24 Flood swards and related communities

37.241 Tall rush pastures

37.242 Flood swards

37.243 Small rush swards

37.26 Continental humid meadows

37.263 Illyro-Pannonic riverine and humid meadows

37.3 Oligotrophic humid grasslands

37.31 Purple moorgrass meadows and related communities

37.313 Giant moorgrass swards

37.314 Giant moorgrass meadow with Lathyrus pannonicus

37.5 Mediterranean short humid grasslands

37.6 Sub-Mediterranean humid meadows

37.61 Helleno-Moesian riverine and humid clover meadows

37.611 Sub-Mediterranean humid clover meadows

37.63 East Adriatic riverine and humid meadows

37.631 Hordeo-Poetum silvicolae meadows

37.632 Oenantho-Alopecuretum bulbosi meadows

37.633 Peucedano-Molinietum litoralis meadows

37.634 Trifolio-Hordeetum secalini meadows

37.64 Illyro-Moesian riverine and humid clover meadows

37.641 Illyric humid meadows Agrostio-Hordeetum secalini

37.7 Humid tall herb fringes

37.71 Watercourse veils

37.714 Butterbur riverine communities

37.716 Continental mixed riverine screens

37.72 Shaddy woodland edge fringes

37.8 Subalpine and alpine tall herb communities

37.81 Alpic tall herb communities

37.815 Dinaric tall herb communities

37.8151 Dinaric adenostyles community

37.8152 Dinaric monkshood community

37.8153 Dinaric Laserpitium community

37.8154 Dinaric Allium victorialis community

38. MESOPHILE GRASSLANDS

38.1 Mesophile pastures

38.11 Unbroken pastures

38.13 Overgrown pastures

38.2 Lowland and collinar hay meadows

38.22 Sub-Atlantic lowland hay meadows

38.221 Xeromesophile medio-European lowland hay meadows

38.222 Hygromesophile medio-European lowland hay meadows

38.23 Medio-European submontane hay meadows

38.237 Illyrian submontane hay meadows

38.25 Continental meadows

38.251 Ponto-Pannonic mesophile hay meadows

38.2511 Rhinantho-Filipenduletum meadow

4. FORESTS

41. BROAD-LEAVED DECIDUOUS FORESTS

41.1 Beech forests

41.1C Illyrian beech forests

41.1C1 Illyrian woodrush-beech forests

41.1C2 Illyrian neutrophile beech forests

41.1C21 Illyrian collinar neutrophile beech forests

41.1C22 Illyrian montane fir-beech forests

41.1C221 Illyrian low-montane acidocline fir-beech forests

41.1C222 Illyrian low-montane neutrophile fir-beech forests

41.1C3 Illyrian thermophile beech forests

41.1C31 Illyrian coastal beech forests

41.1C32 Illyrian inland calciphile beech forests

41.1C321 Illyrian hop-hornbeam beech forests

41.1C321A Illyrian hop-hornbeam fir forests

41.1C321B Illyrian spring heath-hop-hornbeam forests

41.1C323 Illyrian Acer obtusatum beech forests

41.1C4 Illyrian subalpine beech forests

41.2 Oak-hornbeam forests

41.2A Illyrian oak-hornbeam forests

41.2A1 Illyrian sessile oak-hornbeam forests

41.2A11 Illyrian calcicline sessile oak-hornbeam forests

41.2A12 Illyrian neutrocline sessile oak-hornbeam forests

41.2A13 Illyrian acidocline sessile oak-hornbeam forests

41.2A2 Illyrian pedunculate oak-hornbeam forests

41.2A3 Illyrian submediterranean oak-hornbeam forests

41.4 Mixed ravine and slope forests

41.46 Southeastern European ravine forests

41.463 Illyrian ravine forests

41.4632 Illyrian mixed sycamore ravine forests

41.4633 Illyrian lime beech-yew ravine forests

41.5 Acidophilous oak forests

41.57 Medio-European acidophilous oak forests

41.573 Illyro-Pannonic thermophille acidophilous oak forests

41.5733 Illyro-Pannonic chesnut-sessile oak forests

41.57332 Illyrian chesnut-sessile oak forests

41.5734 Illyrian birch-sessile oak acidophilous forests

41.5734A Illyrian sessile oak-wood-rush forests

41.5734B Illyrian fescue-sessile oak forests

41.7 Thermophilous and supra-Mediterranean oak woods

41.73 Eastern white oak woods

41.736 East Adriatic white oak woods

41.737 Eastern submediterranean white oak woods

41.7375 Illyrian white oak woods

41.73751 Illyrian hop-hornbeam white oak woods

41.74 Italo-Illyrian hop-hornbeam sub-thermophilous oak woods

41.742 East Adriatic thermophile turkey oak-sessile oak woods

41.7421 East Adriatic Quercus cerris woods

41.7422 East Adriatic Quercus petraea woods

41.743 Illyrian thermophile turkey oak-sessile oak woods

41.7431 Illyrian hop-hornbeam mixed oak woods

41.7432 Illyrian black pea-sessile oak woods

41.7A Euro-Siberian steppe oak woods

41.7A1 Balkanic oak woods Quercetum frainetto-cerris

41.7A2 Tartar maple steppe oak woods

41.7A21 Pannonic steppe oak woods

41.7A211 Pannonic loess steppe oak woods

41.8 Mixed thermophilous forests

41.81 Hop-hornbeam woods

41.814 Illyrian hop-hornbeam woods

41.8141 Illyrian white oak hop-hornbeam woods

41.8142 Illyrian spring heath hop-hornbeam woods

41.82 Oriental hornbeam woods

41.822 Helleno-Balkanic oriental hornbeam woods

41.8225 East Adriatic oriental hornbeam woods

41.9 Chesnut woods

41.93 Eastern Adriatic chesnut forests

41.94 Illyrian chesnut forests

41.A Hornbeam forests

41.A2 Eastern hornbeam forests

41.A21 Illyrian hornbeam forests

41.B Birch woods

41.B1 Atlantic lowland and collinar birch woods

41.B17 Illyrian birch woods

41.B3 Hercino-Alpine birch woods

41.B35 Illyro-Moesian montane birch woods

41.B352 Dinaro-Pelagonide birch woods

41.D Aspen woods

41.D2 Lowland nemoral aspen woods

41.D3 Montane aspen woods

42. TEMPERATE CONIFEROUS FORESTS

42.1 Western Palaearctic fir forests

42.11 Neutrophile medio-European fir forests

42.112 Neutrophile Hercynio-Alpine fir forests

42.1122 Illyrian neutrophile fir forest

42.11221 Illyrian neutrophile spruce fir forests

42.11222 Illyrian neutrophile beech fir forests

42.12 Calciphile medio-European fir forests

42.124 Dinaric calcareous block fir forests

42.13 Acidophile medio-European fir forests

42.132 Acidophile Hercynio-Alpine fir forests

42.1322 Illyrian acidophile fir forests

42.1B Fir reforestation

42.1B1 Abies alba reforestation

42.2 Western Palaearctic orogenous spruce forests

42.25 Per-Alpine spruce forests

42.255 Dinaric spruce forests

42.2551 Illyro-Dinaric cold station spruce forests

42.2552 Dinaric dolomite spruce forests

42.2552A Dinaric limestone spruce forests

42.2553 Dinaric acidophilous spruce forests

42.26 Norway spruce reforestation

42.5 Western Palaearctic Scots pine forests

42.5C Southeastern European Scots pine forests

42.5C5 Dinaric spring heath Scots pine forests

42.5C52 Dinaric dolomite Scots pine forests

42.5E European Scots pine reforestation

42.6 Black pine forests

42.62 Western Balkanic black pine forests

42.621 Dinaro-Pelagonian Pinus nigra forests

42.6214 Illyrian dolomite Pinus nigra forests

42.62141 Illyrian Pinus nigra forests with woody milkwort

42.6215 Illyrian submediterranean Pinus nigra forests

42.622 Pinus dalmatica forests

42.67 Black pine reforestation

42.8 Mediterranean pine woods

42.83 Stone pine forests

42.83A Adriatic stone pine forests

42.83B Pinus pinaster reforestation

42.84 Aleppo pine forests

42.849 Adriatic Aleppo pine forests

42.A Western Palaearctic cypress, juniper and jew forests

42.A7 Western Palaearctic yew woods

42.A78 Dinaric yew woods

42.AA Phoenicean and Lycian juniper woods

42.AA1 Mediterranean Phoenician and Lycian juniper woods

42.AA11 Mediterranean Phoenician juniper woods

44. TEMPERATE RIVERINE AND SWAMP FORESTS AND BRUSH

44.1 Riparian willow formations

44.11 Orogenous riverine forests

44.111 Pre-Alpine willow-tamarisk brush

44.112 Pre-Alpine and sea-buckthorn brush

44.12 Lowland and collinar riverine willow scrub

44.121 Almond willow-osier scrub

44.13 Middle European white willow forests

44.132 Eastern European poplar-willow forests

44.132A White willow forests

44.132B White willow-crack willow forests

44.132C Willow-black poplar forests

44.132D Black and white poplar forests

44.14 Mediterranean tall willow galleries

44.141 Mediterranean white willow galleries

44.1412 Eumediterranean white and crack willow galleries

44.1412A Tamarisk galleries

44.2 Boreal-Alpine river galleries

44.21 Grey alder galleries (Alnion incanae)

44.211 Mixed adler galleries (Alnetum glutinoso-incanae)

44.3 Middle European stream ash-alder woods

44.31 Ash-alder woods of rivulets and springs

44.311 Sedge ash-alder woods

44.33 Ash-alder woods of slow rivers

44.331 Central European slow river floodplain woods

44.3311 Central European slow river ash-alder woods

44.333 Ponto-Pannonic tall herb ash-alder woods

44.4 Mixed oak-elm-ash forests of great rivers

44.43 Southeast European ash-oak-alder forests

44.431 Illyrian ash-alder forests

44.4311 Illyrian snow-flake ash-oak forests

44.4312 Illyrian greenweed oak-ash forests

44.4313 Illyrian riparian oak-hornbeam forests

44.432 Helleno-Balkanic ash-oak-alder forests

44.4326 Istrian ash-oak-alder forests

44.433 Pannonic ash-oak-alder forests

44.9 Alder, willow, oak, aspen swamp woods

44.91 Alder swamp woods

44.911 Meso-eutrophic swamp alder woods

44.9112 Elongated-sedge swamp alder woods

44.92 Willow carrs and fen scrubs

44.921 Grey willow carrs

44.9212 Central European grey willow carrs

44.A Birch and conifer mire woods

44.A1 Sphagnum birch woods

44.A12 Sedge sphagnum birch woods

45. TEMPERATE BROAD-LEAVED EVERGREEN FORESTS

45.3 Holm-oak forests

45.31 Meso-Mediterranean holm-oak forests

45.319 Illyrian holm-oak woodland

45.32 Supra-Mediterranean holm-oak woods

45.325 Illyrian supra-Mediterranean holm oak woods

45.4 Kermes oak forests

45.5 Eurasian continental lauriphyllous forests

45.51 Mediterraneo-Atlantic laurel-oak woodland

5. BOGS AND MARSHES

53. WATER-FRINGE VEGETATION

53.1 Reed beds

53.11 Common reed beds

53.111 Flooded Phragmites beds

53.1111 Freshwater Phragmites beds

53.1112 Saline water Phragmites beds

53.112 Dry Phragmites beds

53.1121 Dry freshwater Phragmites beds

53.1122 Dry saline Phragmites beds

53.12 Common clubrush beds

53.13 Reedmace beds

53.131 Great reedmace beds

53.132 Lesser reedmace beds

53.133 Laxmann's reedmace beds

53.134 Small reedmace beds

53.14 Medium-tall waterside communities

53.141 Arrowhead communities

53.142 Neglected bur-reed communities

53.143 Erect bur-reed communities

53.144 Sweet flag communities

53.145 Flowering rush communities

53.146 Water dropwort-great yellowcress communities

53.147 Water horsetail beds

53.148 Water parsnip communities

53.149 Mare's tail stands

53.14A Common spikerush beds

53.14B Iris beds

53.15 Water-fringe grass beds

53.151 Sweetgrass beds

53.1511 Reed sweetgrass beds

53.152 Eurasian Leersia beds

53.16 Reed canary-grass beds

53.17 Halophile clubrush beds

53.2 Large sedge communities

53.21 Large Carex beds

53.212 Slender tufted sedge beds and related communities

53.2121 Slender tufted sedge beds

53.2122 Lesser pond sedge beds

53.213 Greater pond sedge beds

53.214 Bottle, bladder and slender sedge beds

53.2141 Bottle sedge beds

53.2142 Bladder sedge beds

53.215 Tufted sedge and sward sedge tussocks

53.2151 Tufted sedge tussocks

53.216 Greater tussock sedge tussocks

53.218 Cyperus sedge tussocks

53.219 Fox sedge tussocks

53.2191 True fox sedge tussocks

53.2192 False fox sedge tussocks

53.22 Tall galingale beds

53.221 Common galingale beds

53.3 Fen-sedge beds

53.33 Riparian Cladium beds

53.4 Small reed beds of fast-flowing waters

53.5 Tall rush swamps

53.6 Riparian cane formations

53.61 Mediterraneo-Pontic Ravenna cane communities

53.611 Adriatic Imperata cylindrica communities

53.62 Provence cane beds

54. FENS, TRANSITION MIRES AND SPRING MIRES

54.1 Spring mires

54.12 Hard water spring mires

54.122 Middle European calcareous spring mires

54.1221 Hard water bryophyte springs

54.124 Illlyro-Balkanic calcareous spring mires

54.2 Rich fens

54.21 Black bogrush fens

54.214 Illyrian black bogrush fens

54.23 Subcontinental Davall sedge fens

54.236 Dinaric carnation-tawny sedge fens

54.2F Middle European flat sedge fens

54.4 Acidic fens

54.48 Illyro-Moesian acidic fens

54.483 Illyrian sedge-beak-sedge fens

54.483A Illyrian Rynchospora alba fens

54.483B Illyrian sundew-star sedge fens

55 BOREAL TURF BOGS

55.1 Illyrian sphagnum turf bog

6. INLAND ROCKS, SCREES AND SANDS

61. SCREES, GRAVEL AND BOULDER FIELDS

61.5 Illyrian screes

61.51 Illyrian montane screes

61.511 Illyrian fern screes

61.512 Illyrian butterbur screes

61.513 Illyrian drypis screes

61.514 Illyrian candytuft screes

61.516 Illyrian mouse-ear screes

61.52 Illyrian sub-Mediterranean screes

61.521 Drypis jacquiniana screes

61.522 Illyrian scree Drypi-Linarietum simplicis

61.523 Illyrian scree Geranio-Anthriscetum fumarioidis

61.524 Illyrian scree Asplenio-Geranietum lucidi

61.525 Illyrian scree Geranietum dalmatici

62. INLAND CLIFFS AND EXPOSED ROCKS

62.1 Calcicolous chasmophyte communities

62.11 Tyrrheno-Adriatic eumediterranean calcicolous chasmophyte communities

62.116 Illyrian chasmophyte communities

62.1161 Istrio-Triestine karst chasmophyte communities

62.11613 Istrio-Triestine moehringia cliffs

62.1162 Liburnian chasmophyte communities

62.11622 Austrian viper's grass cliffs

62.11623 Liburnian meadow rue-bellflower cliffs

62.1163 Dalmatian chasmophyte communities

62.11632 Moltkia cliffs

62.11633 Centaurea cuspidata cliffs

62.1164 Vardean chasmophyte communities (see also 18.221D)

62.1165 Dalmatian fern-navelwort cliffs

62.1A Illyro-Helleno-Balkanic cinquefoil cliffs

62.1A2 Dinaro-Carpathian calcicolous chasmophyte communities

62.1A21 Dinaric calcicolous chasmophyte communities

62.1A211 Kitaibel's primrose-Clusi's cinquefoil community

62.1A212 Asplenio-Silenetum saxifragae community

62.1A214 Cerastium decalvans stands

62.1A3 Moist Dinaric calcicolous chasmophyte communities

62.1A4 Balkano-Illyrian shaded calcicolous chasmophyte communities

62.3 Pavements, rock slabs, moss and lichen carpets

62.31 Pavements, rock slabs, rock domes

62.311 Limestone pavements

62.3115 Mediterranean limestone pavements

62.4 Dry inland cliffs

62.41 Limestone dry inland cliffs

62.412 Mountain limestone cliffs

62.414 Nemoral low altitude limestone cliffs

62.415 Mediterranean limestone cliffs

62.42 Siliceous dry inland cliffs

62.424 Nemoral low altitude siliceous cliffs

62.5 Wet inland cliffs

62.51 Mediterranean wet inland cliffs

62.51A Adriatic wet cliffs

62.51A1 Adianthus capillus-veneris stands

62.51A2 Phyllitis hybrida stands

62.51A3 Selaginello-Anogrammetum community

62.52 Northern wet inland cliffs

64. INLAND DUNES

64.7 Continental inland dunes

64.71 Pannonic inland dunes

64.711 Pannonic bare sands

64.712 Pannonic dune lichen communities

64.713 Pannonic dune pioneer grasslands

64.714 Pannonic dune open grasslands

64.715 Pannonic dune closed grasslands

64.716 Pannonic dune thickets and scrubs

64.717 Pannonic dune woods

64.7171 Pannonic plain dune woods

66 VOLCANIC FEATURES

66.7 Thermal springs

66.74 Peri-Alpine thermal springs

8. AGRICULTURAL LAND AND ARTIFICIAL LANDSCAPES

81. IMPROVED GRASSLANDS

81.1 Dry improved grasslands

81.2 Humid improved grasslands

82. CROPLAND

82.1 Unbroken intensive cropland

82.11 Field crops

82.12 Market gardens and horticulture

82.2 Field margin cropland

82.3 Extensive cultivation

83. ORCHARDS, GROVES AND TREE CULTIVATION

83.1 High-stem orchards

83.11 Olive groves

83.111 Traditional olive groves

83.112 Intensive olive groves

83.12 Chesnut groves

83.13 Walnut groves

83.14 Almond groves

83.15 Fruit orchards

83.151 Northern fruit orchards

83.152 Southern fruit orchards

83.16 Citrus orchards

83.18 Other orchards

83.181 Other deciduous orchards

83.182 Other evergreen orchards

83.2 Shrub orchards and plantations

83.21 Vineyards

83.211 Traditional vineyards

83.212 Intensive vineyards

83.22 Fruit, flower and wood shrub crops

83.221 Shrub and low stem tree orchards

83.222 Shrub and dwarf tree plantations

83.3 Tall tree plantations

83.31 Conifer plantations

83.311 Native conifer plantations

83.3111 Native fir, spruce, larch, cedar plantations

83.3112 Native pine plantations

83.3113 native cypress, juniper, yew plantations

83.312 Exotic conifer plantations

83.3121 Exotic spruce, fir, larch, douglas fir, deodar plantations

83.3122 Exotic pine plantations

83.3123 Other exotic conifer plantation

83.32 Plantations of broad-leaved trees

83.321 Poplar plantations

83.3211 Poplar plantations with megaphorb herb layer

83.3212 Other poplar plantations

83.323 Exotic oak plantations

83.324 Locust tree plantations

83.325 Other broad-leaved tree plantations

83.3251 Broad-leaved deciduous plantations

83.3252 Broad-leaved evergreen tree plantations

84. TREE LINES, HEDGES, RURAL MOSAICS

84.1 Tree lines

84.2 Hedgerows

84.3 Small woodlots

84.4 Rural mosaics

84.5 Shaded crops and pastures

85. URBAN PARKS AND LARGE GARDENS

85.1 Large parks

85.11 Park woodlots

85.12 Park lawns

85.13 Park basins

85.14 Park flower beds, arbors and shrubbery

85.15 Park sub-natural communities

85.2 Small parks and city squares

85.3 Gardens

85.31 Ornamental gardens

85.32 Subsistance gardens

85.4 City block inner spaces

86. TOWNS, VILLAGES, INDUSTRIAL SITES

86.1 Towns

86.11 Urban centers

86.12 Suburban areas

86.13 Town features

86.14 Town ruins and construction sites

86.2 Villages

86.21 Village cores

86.22 Village peripheries

86.23 Village features

86.24 Village ruins and construction sites

86.3 Active industrial sites

86.31 Active extraction sites

86.32 Active industrial constructions

86.4 Old industrial sites and open spaces

86.41 Abandoned quarries

86.411 Sand, clay and kaolin quarries

86.412 Gravel quarries

86.413 Hard stone quarries

86.42 Slag heaps and other detritus heaps

86.43 Marginal and disused industrial sites

86.431 Transport network margins and disused sites

86.432 Recreation area margins and disused sites

86.433 Rubble and detritus tips

86.434 Disused industrial constructions

86.5 Rural scattered construction

86.6 Archeological sites

87. FALLOW LAND, WASTE PLACES

87.1 Fallow fields

87.2 Ruderal communities

87.3 Land reclamation forb fields

88. MINES AND UNDERGROUND PASSAGES

89. INDUSTRIAL LAGOONS AND RESERVOIRES, CANALS

89.1 Saline industrial lagoons and canals

89.11 Sea harbours

89.12 Saltworks

89.13 Other saline industrial lagoons and canals

89.2 Fresh water industrial lagoons and canals

89.22 Ditches and small canals

89.23 Indistrial lagoons and ornamental ponds

89.24 Sewage farms and sewage works

9. WOODED GRASSLANDS AND SCRUBS

91. PARKLANDS

91.3 Sub-continental parkland

92. BOCAGES

93. WOODED STEPPE

93.1 Pannonic wooded steppes

95. TREELINE ECOTONES

Appendix VIII.

extract for Croatia

PROPOSED REVISION OF PALEARCTIC HABITAT TYPES CLASSIFICATION

INCLUDING CROATIAN SUBTERRANEAN HABITATS

Prepared by

Sanja Gottstein Matočec, Mr. sc., Research Assistant at Laboratory of Ecology,

Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb

Nikola Tvrtković, PhD, Croatian Natural History Museum, Zagreb

- draft version September, 2002 -

65 SUBTERRANEAN HABITATS

The subterranean environment/ habitat, sensu lato, includes the karst massif (superficial underground compartment – “millieu souterrain superficiel” = MSS and different horizonts of karst considering the terrestrial and the aquatic environments), and the interstitial aquatic environment (hypotelminorheos, phreatos and hyporheos). The subterranean aquatic environment is, generally, less complex than the epigean one, with habitats having longer persistence and lower environmental fluctuations (Camacho, 1992; Danielopol et al., 1994).

65 A Cave habitats

Cave is just a small part of the whole subterranean environment, and it is connected to the surface through fissures, cracks, microfissures, galleries, shafts, etc. Caves are strongly zonal habitat, with four main zones: entrance, twilight, transition and deep cave. Each cave area is characterized by its own biotic and abiotic environment and could hold different species populations. The breadth of each cave habitat depends on its location, size and shape of entrance and galleries; nevertheless frontiers among areas are dynamic (Camacho, 1992; Camacho et al., 1992).

65 A1 Terrestrial cave habitats

They are cave habitats that exclude area with permanent water. Crevices, rocks, layers of clay and guano deposits are examples that normally exist in subterranean terrestrial habitats (Camacho, 1992).

65 A11 Semi caves and cave/pit entrances

65 A12 Fossil caves

Caves no longer containing the freshwater stream or active speleothems. They are rarely very old, and their life span delimits the chronology of the deposits contained. Bones and other animal and plant remains are buried in the sediment and sometimes embedded in a karstic cover. The bones that enter a cave have been of fresh origin or as individual bones as carnivore pray. In some cases, the conservation process in the caves is so good that mummified remains of extinct species have been obtained (Alcover, 1992; Wilkens et al., 2000).

65 A13 Caves of temperate and Mediterranean regions

Caves harbouring communities that include terrestrial troglobiont invertebrates, limited worldwide to a relatively small number of species belonging to a limited number of groups, and including remarkable relict species. Gastropoda, Opiliones, Pseudoscorpiones, Aranea, Myriapoda, Chilopoda (Lithobiidae), Collembola and Coleoptera (subfamilies Bathysciinae and Trechinae) are characteristic of their communities, and essentially restricted to caves of temperate and Mediterranean regions (Gottstein Matočec et al., 2001).

65 A14 Ice caves (= 65.42 – Palaearctic classification)

65 A2 Transitive cave habitats

Specific habitats with temporary water.

65 A21 Cave hygropetricum

Usually ephemeral habitat where sheets of water flowing over rock faces which requires special adaptations of its inhabitants (silk threads, hooks, suckers, etc.). Some conspicuously troglomorphic bathysciine beetles (Coleoptera: Catopidae: Bathysciinae: Radziella styx, Prospelaeobates bagnoloi etc.) regularly occur in thin layers of water, slipping down the cave walls. These apparently obligate and microphaguos hygropetric beetles may be accompanied by the amphipod Typhlogammarus mrazeki and the endemic leech Croatobranchus mestrovi in Mt Velebit (Sket, 2001; Gottstein Matočec et al., 2002a, b).

65 A22 Marifugia’s aggregations

65 A3 Aquatic (freshwater) cave habitats

An important part of the functional structure of a karstic aquifer (Camacho, 1992).

65 A31 Subterranean running waters

65 A311 Subterranean creek (brook) waters

Running water habitat where the speed of water circulation is high. Water flows among crumbled stones and through subterranean canyons (Gottstein Matočec et al., 2002b).

65 A3312 Subterranean rivers

65 A32 Subterranean non-running waters

65 A321 Subterranean lakes

65 A322 Cave clay pools

65 A323 Rimstone pools

65 A4 Anhialine (anhihaline) caves (= 65.81 – Emerald classification)

Coastal caves with pools with no surface connection to the sea, containing salt or brackish water, which fluctuates with the tides. In pools, salinity increases with depth, from fresh water or brackish water near the surface to marine water at greater depths, often marked by a halocline. It is found in coastal limestones of continental plateaus. Specific community of stygobiont animals inhabit anhihaline caves, mostly crustaceans: Copepoda (Acanthocyclops gordani, Diacyclops antrincola),Thermosbaenacea (Monodella halophila) and Amphipoda (Hadzia fragilis, Niphargus hebereri, N. pectencoronatae, N. salonitanus, Pseudoniphargus adriaticus, Rhipidogammarus karamani, Salentinella angelieri). (Iliffe, 1992; Sket, 1996; Wilkens et al., 2000; Gottstein Matočec et al., 2001, 2002a).

65 A5 Sea caves (= 12.7 – Emerald classification)

Sea caves or marine caves have been recognised as a new type of habitat within the marine environment. On many islands in the Adriatic sea, extensive inland cave systems containing marine or brackish water have been discovered. Such caves have been found to contain unexpectedly rich and diverse biological communities (Wilkens et al., 2000).

65 B Interstitial subterranean habitats

65 B1 Interstitial terrestrial habitats

65 B11 Superficial underground terrestrial habitat (MSS, milieu souterrain superficiel) (= 65A – Emerald classification)

65 B12 Mostly dry epikarstic fissures

65 B2 Interstitial aquatic habitats

65 B21 Phreatic water (= 65.82 – Emerald classification)

When water circulates along a network not of ducts but interstices then it is phreatic water. The régime of circulation is generally slow in the most superficial zone, and almost always it is slowest in the deepest zone. The physical-chemical variables are very constant, which seems to constitute the most adequate system for life and reproduction of the groundwater inhabitants (Camacho, 1992)

65 B22 Hyporheic interstitial communities (=hyporheos) (= 65.9 - Emerald classification)

They are communities restricted to the interstitial spaces constituted by the sediment of the stream bed (involving lateral limits of this zone), which is considered a transition zone between surface water and groundwater (involving vertical limits). The hyporheos is best developed in gravel-bed streams and rivers that have sediment with large interstitial spaces. Interstitial water can be derived from the surface stream only, from the phreatic zone only, or from a mixing of surface water and groundwater. The hyporheic biotope may extand metres vertically beneath the channel and hundreds of metres or even kilometres away from the channel. Fauna of the hyporheos is distributed immediately beneath the stream bed. The fauna residing in the hyporheic zone is a mixed assemblage consisting of epigean forms that colonize from the surface benthos, such as early life stages of aquatic insects (Diptera, Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, etc.), and groundwater forms that colonize from the phreatic zone, plus species that characteristically occur in the hyporheic ecotone (hyporheos, sensu stricto), such as different crustacean taxa: Copepoda, Ostracoda (Fabaeformiscandona wegelini) and Amphipoda (Niphargus kochianus, N. labacensis, N. longidactylus, N. microcerberus, N. tauri jurinaci) (Orghidan, 1955, 1959; Gibert et al., 1994; Ward et al., 2000).

65 B23 Hypotelminorheic interstitial communities (=hypotelminorheos)

65 B24 Psammolittoral

Pertaining to sands along lake and seashores (Wilkens et al., 2000).

65 B241 Marine psammolittoral

65 B242 Freshwater psammolittoral

Literature:

Alcover, J. A., 1992. Fossils and caves. Pp 199-221. In: Camacho, A. I. (ed) The Natural History of Biospeleology. Madrid, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales.

Camacho, A. I., 1992. A classification of the aquatic and terrestrial subterranean environment and their associated fauna. Pp 57-103. In: Camacho, A. I. (ed) The Natural History of Biospeleology. Madrid, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales.

Camacho, A. I., Bello, E., Becerra, J. M., Vaticon, N., 1992. A natural history of the subterranean environment and its associated fauna. Pp 171-197. In: Camacho, A. I. (ed) The Natural History of Biospeleology. Madrid, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales.

Danielopol, D. L., Creuzé des Châtelliers, M, Moeszlacher, F., Pospisil, P., Popa§, R., 1994. Adaptation of Crustacea to Interstitial Habitats: A Practical Agenda for Ecological Studies. Pp 217-243. In: Gibert, J., Danielopol, D. L., Stanford, J. A. (eds), Groundwater Ecology. San Diego, Academic Press.

Field, M. S., 1999. A lexicon of cave and karst terminology with special reference to environmental karst hydrology. Washington, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Karst Waters Institute, 201 pp.

Ford, T. D., Cullingford, C.H.D., 1976. The Science of Speleology. London, Academic Press, 593 pp.

Gibert, J., Stanford, J. A., Dole-Olivier, M.-J., Ward, J. V., 1994. Basic Attributes of Groundwater Ecosystems and Prospects for Research. Pp 7-40. In: Gibert, J., Danielopol, D. L., Stanford, J. A. (eds), Groundwater Ecology. San Diego, Academic Press.

Gottstein Matočec, S. (ed.), Bakran-Petricioli, T., Bedek, J., Bukovec, D., Buzjak, S., Franičević, M., Jalžić, B., Kerovec, M., Kletečki, E., Kralj, J., Kružić, P., Kučinić, M., Kuhta, M., Matočec, N., Ozimec, R., Rađa, T., Štamol, V., Ternjej, I. & N. Tvrtković 2001. Croatia. Pp 2237-2287. In: Juberthie, C. & V. Decu (eds.) Encyclopaedia Biospeologica. III. Moulis, Société de Biospéologie.

Gottstein Matočec, S. (ed.), Bakran-Petricioli, T., Bedek, J., Bukovec, D., Buzjak, S., Franičević, M., Jalžić, B., Kerovec, M., Kletečki, E., Kralj, J., Kružić, P., Kučinić, M., Kuhta, M., Matočec, N., Ozimec, R., Rađa, T., Štamol, V., Ternjej, I. & N. Tvrtković 2002a. An overview of the cave and interstitial biota of Croatia. Natura Croatica 11 (Suppl. 1) (in press).

Gottstein Matočec, S., Ozimec, R., Jalžić, B., Kerovec, M., Bakran-Petricioli, T., 2002b. Raznolikost i ugroženost podzemne faune Hrvatske [Biodiversity and threatens of cave fauna in Croatia]. Zagreb, Ministry for Environment Protection and Physical Planning.

Juberthie, C., Delay, B., 1981. Ecological and biological implications of the existence of a superficial underground compartment. In: Beck, B. F. (ed.) Proceedings of the 8th International Congress on Speleology, Bowling Green 1: 203-206.

Juberthie, C., Delay, B., Bouillon, M., 1980. Extension du milieu souterrain en zone non calcaire: description d'un nouveau et de son peuplement par les Coléoptères. Mém. Biospéol. 7: 19-52.

Juberthie, C., 2000. Diversity of the karstic and pseudokarstic hypogean habitats in the world. Pp 17-39. . In: Wilkens, H., Culver, D. C., Humphreys, W. F. (eds.) Subterranean Ecosystems. Ecosystems of the World 30. Amsterdam, Elsevier.

Matjašič, J., 1963. Marifugijska favnula [Faune marifugiale]. Congres Yougoslave de Speleologie troisieme session, Sarajevo (1962), 155-156.

Meštrov, M., 1962. Un nouveau milieu aquatique souterrain le biotope hypotelminorheique. C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, 254: 1-3.

Iliffe, T. M., 1992. Anchihaline cave biology. Pp 613-636. In: Camacho, A. I. (ed) The Natural History of Biospeleology. Madrid, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales.

Orghidan, T., 1955. Un nou domeniu de viata acvatica subterana: “Biotopul hiporeic”. Bul. Stiint. Sect. Biol. Stiinte Agric. Sect. Geol. Geogr. 7 (3), 657-676.

Orghidan, T., 1959. Ein neuer Lebensraum des unterirdischen Wassers, das hyporheische Biotop. Arch. Hydrobiol 55: 392-414.

Sket, B., 1996. The ecology of anchihaline caves. TREE 11 (5): 221-225.

Sket, B., 2001. The hygropetric habitat in cave and its inhabitants. Pp 43. In: Trajano, E. & R. Pinto-da-Rocha (eds) Abstract of the 15^th International Symposium of Biospeleology, 8-15 July 2001 Sao Paulo, Brazil. Instituto de Biociências da Universidade de São Paulo.

Ward, J. V., Malard, F., Stanford, J. A., Gonser, T., 2000. Interstitial aquatic fauna of shallow unconsolidated sediments, particularly hyporheic biotopes. Pp 41-76. In: Wilkens, H., Culver, D. C., Humphreys, W. F. (eds.) Subterranean Ecosystems. Ecosystems of the World 30. Amsterdam, Elsevier.

Weber, A., 2000. Fish and Amphibia. Pp109-132. In: Wilkens, H., Culver, D. C., Humphreys, W. F., 2000. Subterranean Ecosystems. Ecosystems of the World 30. Amsterdam, Elsevier.

Wilkens, H., Culver, D. C., Humphreys, W. F., 2000. Subterranean Ecosystems. Ecosystems of the World 30. Amsterdam, Elsevier. 791 pp.

Appendix IX.

PROPOSAL HOW TO INCLUDE CLASSIFICATION OF BENTHIC MARINE HABITAT TYPES FOR THE MEDITERRANEAN REGION (BARCELONA CONVENTION) INTO THE PALAEARCTIC HABITAT CLASSIFICATION FOR CROATIA

(Prepared by Tatjana Bakran-Petricioli, Ph. D., Assistant Professor of Marine Biology

September, 2002)

Last revision of Croatian habitats extracted from the list of Palearctic habitat types is not suitable considering marine habitats. On the other hand it was already noted on the level of Barcelona Convention that Palaearctic habitat classification is not quite applicable for Mediterranean marine habitats. Due to that and to the fact that there are some important marine habitats in Croatia, which are not mentioned in the Classification, we were urged to try to import Barcelona Convention classification into the Palaearctic habitat classification. Our proposal of such integration is appended as a separate file: “Proposed classification of Croatian marine habitats”. Also, we propose that omitted Croatian habitats, specific for Croatia, should be added to the list of habitats.

All the other habitats, which are highlighted in red in proposal are original habitats mentioned by Barcelona Convention (which exist in Croatia). Habitats from existing Palaearctic habitat Classification for Croatia are left in black font.

1. Some already existing habitats in the classification (for Croatia) are not applicable for Croatia and therefore they have been omitted. They are:

11.111 Blue ocean waters

11.1224 Subtropical offshore waters

11.12242 Mediterranean offshore waters

11.212 Abyssal benthic communities

11.4121 Western Tethyan marine tasselweed communities

13.22 Bar-built estuaries

13.23 Complex estuaries, firths

14. 2 Intertidal rock pavements

19.3 Barrier islands, spits

19.4 Banks and shoals

21.3 Percolation pools

21.4 Silled or sluiced ponds

21.6 Coastal lagoon islets

2. Habitat codes for benthic communities according to Barcelona Convention are added in brackets after the habitat/community name

3. Habitats according to Barcelona Convention are highlighted in red

4. Added habitats characteristic for Croatia are highlighted in blue

5. Changes which are considered necessary and important remarks are highlighted in yellow

HABITATS OF CROATIA

1 . Coastal and halophytic communities

11. Ocean and seas, marine communities

11.1 Open marine waters

11.11 Oceanic waters

11.12 Shelf and slope waters

11.121 Inshore waters

11.122 Offshore waters

11.123 Continental slope

11.124 Offshore and coastal upwellings

11.1242 Minor offshore and coastal upwellings

11.125 Shoals

11.2 Benthic communities

11.21 Deep sea floor

11.211 Bathyal benthic communities (V.)

11.2111 Bathyal muds (V.1.)

11.21111 Biocenosis of bathyal muds (V.1.1.)

11.211111 Facies of sandy muds with Thenea muricata (V.1.1.1.)

11.211112 Facies of fluid muds with Brissopsis lyrifera (V.1.1.2.)

11.211113 Facies of soft muds with Funiculina quadrangularis and Apporhais seressianus (V.1.1.3.)

11.211114 Facies of compact muds with Isidella elongata (V.1.1.4.)

11.211115 Facies with Pheronema grayi (V.1.1.5.)

11.2112 Bathyal sands (V.2.)

11.21121 Biocenosis of bathyal detritic sands with Grypheus vitreus (V.2.1.)

11.2113 Bathyal hard beds and rocks (V.3.)

11.21131 Biocenosis of deep sea corals (V.3.1.)

11.21132 Caves and ducts in total darkness (also as enclave in the upper stages) (V.3.2.)

11.22 Sublittoral soft seabeds

11.221 Infralittoralsandy muds, sands, gravels and rocks in euryhaline and eurythermal environment (III.1.)

11.2211 Euryhaline and eurythermal infralittoral biocenosis (III. 1. 1.)

11.22112 Facies with Ficopomatus enigmaticus (III. 1. 1. 2.)

11.22113 Association with Potamogeton pectinatus (III. 1. 1. 3.)

11.22116 Association with Gracilaria spp. (III. 1. 1. 6.)

11.22117 Association with Chaetomorpha and Valonia (III. 1. 1. 7.)

11.22119 Association with Ulva and Enteromorpha (III. 1. 1. 9.)

11.221110 Association with Cystoseira barbata (III. 1. 1. 10.)

11.221112 Association with Cladophora and Rytiphloea tinctoria (III.1.1. 12.)

11.222 Infralittoral fine sands with more or less mud (III. 2.)

11.2221 Biocenosis of fine sands in very shallow waters (III. 2. 1.)

11.22211 Facies with Lentidium mediterraneum (III. 2.1.1.)

11.2223 Biocenosis of superficial muddy sands in sheltered waters (III. 2. 3.)

11.22231 Facies with Callianassa tyrrhena and Kellia (III.2.3.1.)

11.22232 Facies with fresh water resurgences with Cerastoderma glaucum andCyathura carinata (III. 2. 3. 2.)

11.22233 Facies with Loripes lacteus, Tapes spp. (III. 2. 3. 3.)

11.22236 Association with Caulerpa prolifera on superficial muddy sands in sheltered waters (III. 2. 3. 6.)

11.223 Infralittoral coarse sands with more or less mud (III. 3.)

11.2231 Biocenosis of coarse sands and fine gravels mixed by the waves (III.3.1.)

11.22311 Association with rhodolithes (III. 3. 1. 1.)

11.2232 Biocenosis of coarse sands and fine gravels under the influence of bottom currents (also found in the Circalittoral) (III.3.2.)

11.22321 Maërl facies can also be found as facies of the biocenosis of coastal detritic) (III. 3. 2. 1.)

11.22321 Association with rhodolithes (III. 3. 2. 2.)

11.224 Circalittoral muds (IV. 1.)

11.2241 Biocenosis of coastal terrigenous muds (IV. 1. 1.)

11.22411 Facies of soft muds with Turritella tricarinata communis (IV.1. 1.1.)

11.22412 Facies of sticky muds with Virgularia mirabilis and

Pennatula phosphorea (IV. 1. 1. 2.)

11.22413 Facies of sticky muds with Alcyonium palmatum and

Stichopus regalis (IV. 1. 1. 3.)

11.225 Circalittoral sands (IV. 2.)

11.2251 Biocenosis of the muddy detritic bottom (IV. 2. 1.)

11.22511 Facies with Ophiothrix quinquemaculata (IV. 2. 1. 1.)

11.2252 Biocenosis of the coastal detritic bottom (IV. 2. 2.)

11.22521 Association with rhodolithes (IV. 2. 2. 1.)

11.22522 Maërl Facies (IV. 2. 2. 2.)

11.22523 Association with Peyssonnelia rosa-marina (IV. 2. 2. 3.)

11.22527 Association with Laminaria rodriguezii on detritic (IV.2.2. 7.)

11.22528 Facies with Ophiura texturata (IV. 2. 2. 8.)

11.22529 Facies with Synascidies (IV. 2. 2. 9.)

11.225210 Facies with large Bryozoa (V. 2. 2. 10.)

11.2253 Biocenosis of shelf-edge detritic bottom (IV. 2. 3.)

11.22531 Facies with Neolampas rostellata (IV. 2. 3. 1.)

11.22532 Facies with Leptometra phalangium (IV. 2. 3. 2.)

11.2254 Biocenosis of coarse sands and fine gravels under the influence of bottom currents (IV. 2. 4.) (biocenosis found in areas under specific hydrodynamic conditions - straits-; also found in the infralittoral)

11.23 Sublittoral pebbly seabeds

11.231 Infralittoral stones and pebbles (III. 4.)

11.2311 Biocenosis of infralittoral pebbles (III. 4. 1.)

11.23111 Facies with Gouania wildenowi (III. 4. 1. 1.)

11.24 Sublittoral rocky seabeds and kelp forests (there are no kelp forests in the Adriatic and we think that kelp forests should be deleted – sublittoral rocky seabeds is clear enough)

11.241 Infralittoral hard beds and rocks (III. 6.)

11.2411 Biocenosis of infralittoral algae (III. 6. 1.)

11.24111 Overgrazed facies with encrusting algae and sea urchins (III. 6. 1. 1.)

11.24112 Association with Cystoseira amentacea ( var. amentacea, var.stricta, var. spicata) (III. 6. 1. 2.)

11.24115 Association with Corallina elongata (III. 6. 1. 5.)

11.24117 Association with Codium vermilara and Rhodymenia ardissonei (III. 6. 1. 7.)

11.24118 Association with Dasycladus vermicularis (III. 6. 1. 8.)

11.241113 Association with Ceramium rubrum (III. 6. 1. 13.)

11.241114 Facies with Cladocora caespitose (III. 6. 1. 14.)

11.241116 Association with Cystoseira crinita (III. 6. 1. 16.)

11.241120 Association with Sargassum vulgare (III. 6. 1. 20.)

11.241121 Association with Dictyopteris polypodioides (III. 6. 1. 21.)

11.241122 Association with Calpomenia sinuosa (III. 6. 1. 22.)

11.241123 Association with Stypocaulon scoparium (=Halopteris scoparia) (III.6.1.23.)

11.241125 Association with Cystoseira compressa (III. 6. 1. 25.)

11.241126 Association with Pterocladiella capillacea and Ulva laetevirens (III.6.1.26.)

11.241127 Facies with large Hydrozoa (III. 6. 1. 27.)

11.241132 Association with Flabellia petiolata and Peyssonnelia squamaria (III.6.1.32.)

11.241134 Association with Peyssonnelia rubra and Peyssonnelia spp. (III. 6. 1. 34.)

11.241135 Facies and Associations of Coralligenous biocenosis (in enclave) (III.6.1. 35.)

11.24117 Facies with Chondrilla nucula (III. 6.1.36.)

11.242 Circalittoral hard beds and rocks (IV. 3.)

11.2421 Coralligenous biocenosis (IV. 3. 1.)

11.24214 Association with Cystoseira corniculata (IV. 3. 1. 4.)

11.24215 Association with Sargassum spp. (indigenous) (IV. 3. 1. 5.)

11.24216 Association with Mesophyllum lichenoides (IV. 3. 1. 6.)

11.24217 Association with Lithophyllum frondosum and Halimeda tuna (IV. 3. 1. 7.)

11.242110 Facies with Eunicella cavolinii (IV. 3. 1. 10.)

11.242111 Facies with Eunicella singularis (IV. 3. 1. 11.)

11.242112 Facies with Lophogorgia sarmentosa (IV. 3. 1. 12.)

11.242113 Facies with Paramuricea clavata (IV. 3. 1. 13.)

11.242114 Facies with Parazoanthus axinellae (IV. 3. 1. 14.)

11.242115 Coralligenous platforms (IV. 3. 1. 15.)

11.2422 Semi-dark caves (also in enclave in upper stages) (IV.3. 2.)

11.24221 Facies with Parazoanthus axinellae (IV. 3. 2. 1.)

11.24222 Facies with Corallium rubrum (IV. 3. 2. 2.)

11.24223 Facies with Leptopsammia pruvoti (IV. 3. 2. 3.)

11.2423 Biocenosis of shelf-edge rock (IV. 3. 3.)

11.25 Sublittoral organogenic concretions

11.251 Corallogenic concretions There are numerous already mentioned associations and facies which belongs to this division. If this division will remain than it should be cross referenced to this associations:

11.22311 Association with rhodolithes (III. 3. 1. 1.)

11.22321 Maërl facies (III. 3. 2. 1.)

11.22321 Association with rhodolithes (III. 3. 2. 2.)

11.22521 Association with rhodolithes (IV. 2. 2. 1.)

11.22522 Maërl Facies (IV. 2. 2. 2.)

11.241135 Facies and Associations of Coralligenous biocenosis (in enclave) (III.6.1. 35.)

11.2421 Coralligenous biocenosis (IV. 3. 1.)

11.24216 Association with Mesophyllum lichenoides (IV. 3. 1. 6.)

11.24217 Association with Lithophyllum frondosum and Halimeda tuna (IV. 3. 1. 7.)

11.242115 Coralligenous platforms (IV. 3. 1. 15.)

11.252 Encrusting algae pavements This should be transferred and integrated into 11.2A because it belongs to littoral not to sublittoral

11.253 Gastropod and polychaete ledges = Biocenosis of infralittoral algae (III. 6. 1.) Facies with Vermetids (III. 6. 1. 3.)

11.254 Mussel beds = Biocenosis of infralittoral algae (III. 6. 1.) Facies with Mytilus galloprovincialis (III. 6. 1. 4.)

11.26 Sublittoral cave communities (Semi-dark cave communities) = 11.2422 Semi-dark caves (IV.3. 2.)

11.26A Sublittoral community of caves and ducts in total darkness enclave of bathyal 11.21132 Caves and ducts in total darkness (V.3.2.) in sublittoral area

11.27 Soft sediment littoral communities

11.271 Supralittoral muds (I. 1.)

11.2711 Biocenosis of beaches with slowly-drying wracks under glassworts (I.1.1.)

11.272 Supralittoral sands (I. 2.)

11.2721 Biocenosis of supralittoral sands (I. 2. 1.)

11.27211 Facies of sands without vegetation, with scattered debris (I. 2. 1. 1.)

11.27212 Facies of depressions with residual humidity (I. 2. 1. 2.)

11.27213 Facies of quickly-drying wracks (I. 2. 1. 3.)

11.27214 Facies of tree trunks which have been washed ashore (I. 2. 1. 4.)

11.27215 Facies of phanerogams which have been washed ashore (upper part) (I. 2. 1. 5.)

11.273 Mediolittoral sands (II. 2.)

11.2731 Biocenosis of mediolittoral sands (II. 2. 1.)

11.27311Facies with Ophelia (II. 2. 1. 1.)

11.28 Pebbly shore littoral communities

11.281 Supralittoral stones and pebbles (I. 3.)

11.2811 Biocenosis of slowly drying wracks (I. 3. 1.)

11.282 Mediolittoral stones and pebbles (II. 3.)

11.2821 Biocenosis of mediolittoral coarse detritic bottoms (II. 3. 1.)

11.28211 Facies of banks of dead leaves of Posidonia oceanica and other phanerogams (II.3.1.1.)

11.29 Rocky shore littoral communities (I.4. and II.4.)

11.291 Mediolittoral fringe rocks

11.292 Lower mediolittoral rocks = Biocenosis of the lower mediolittoral rock (II. 4. 2.)

11.2921 Association with Lithophyllum lichenoides (= entablature with L. tortuosum) (II. 4. 2. 1.)

11.2922 Association with Lithophyllum byssoides (II. 4. 2. 2.)

11.2923 Association with Tenarea undulosa (II. 4. 2. 3.)

11.2924 Association with Ceramium and Corallina (II. 4. 2. 4.)

11.2926 Association with Enteromorpha compressa (II. 4. 2. 6.)

11.2927 Association with Fucus virsoides (II. 4. 2. 7.)

11.2929 Association with Gelidium spp. (II. 4. 2. 9.)

11.293 Upper mediolittoral rocks = Biocenosis of the upper mediolittoral rock (II.4.1.)

11.2931 Association with Bangia atropurpurea (II. 4. 1. 1.)

11.2932 Association with Porphyra leucosticta (II. 4. 1. 2.)

11.294 Mediolittoral cave and overhang communities = Mediolittoral caves (II. 4. 3.)

11.2941 Association with Phymatolithon lenormandii and Hildenbrandia rubra (II.4.3.1.)

11.295 Mediolittoral rock pools = Biocenosis of the lower mediolittoral rock (II. 4. 2.) 11.2951 Pools and lagoons sometimes associated with vermetids (infralittoral enclave) (II. 4.2.10.)

11.296 Supralittoral rocks = Supralittoral hard beds and rocks (I. 4.)

11.2961 Biocenosis of supralittoral rock (I. 4. 1.)

11.29611 Association with Entophysalis and Verrucaria (I. 4. 1. 1.)

11.297 Supralittoral rock pools = Biocenosis of supralittoral rock (I. 4. 1.)

11.29612 Pools with variable salinity (mediolittoral enclave) (I.4.1.2.)

11.2A Littoral communities of organogenic concretions There are numerous already mentioned associations and facies which belongs to this division. If this division will remain than it should be cross referenced to this associations:

11.2A1 Encrusting algae pavements former 11.252 =11.2921 Association with Lithophyllum lichenoides (= entablature with L. tortuosum) (II.4.2.1.)

= 11.2922 Association with Lithophyllum byssoides (II. 4. 2. 2.)

= 11.2923 Association with Tenarea undulosa (II. 4. 2. 3.)

11.3 Sea-grass meadows

11.33 Mediterraneo-Pontic Cymodocea and Zostera beds

11.331 Mediterranean Cymodocea beds =

11.3311 Infralittoral biocenosis of well sorted fine sands (III. 2. 2.) Association with Cymodocea nodosa on well sorted fine sands (III. 2. 2. 1.)

11.3312 Biocenosis of superficial muddy sands in sheltered waters (III. 2. 3.) Association with Cymodocea nodosa on superficial muddy sands in sheltered waters (III. 2. 3. 4.)

11.332 Mediterranean Zostera beds

11.3321 Mediterranean dwarf eelgrass beds =

11.33211 Euryhaline and eurythermal infralittoral biocenosis (III. 1. 1.) Association with Zostera noltii in euryhaline and eurythermal environment (III. 1. 1. 4.)

11.33212 Biocenosis of superficial muddy sands in sheltered waters (III. 2. 3.) Association with Zostera noltii on superficial muddy sands in sheltered waters (III. 2. 3. 5.)

11.3322 Mediterranean eelgrass beds = Euryhaline and eurythermal infralittoral biocenosis (III. 1. 1.) Association with Zostera marina in euryhaline and eurythermal environment (III. 1. 1. 5.)

11.34 Posidonia beds (III. 5.)

11.341 Posidonia oceanica meadows (= Association with Posidonia oceanica) (III. 5. 1.)

11.3411 Ecomorphosis of striped meadows (III. 5. 1. 1.)

11.3412 Ecomorphosis of “barrier-reef” meadows (III. 5. 1. 2.)

11.3413 Facies of dead “mattes” of Posidonia oceanica without much epiflora (III. 5. 1. 3.)

11.3414 Association with Caulerpa prolifera (III. 5. 1. 4.)

11.4 Brackish sea vascular vegetation

11.41 Marine tasselweed communities

11.412 Tethyan marine tasselweed communities = Euryhaline and eurythermal infralittoral biocenosis (III. 1. 1.) Association with Ruppia maritima (III. 1. 1. 1.)

12. Sea inlets and coastal features

12.1 Open linear coasts

12.2 Semienclosed coasts

12.3 Sounds and straits

12.4 Enclosed enbayments

12.6 Rias, voes, abers

12.7 Sea-caves

12.71 Submerged sea-caves

12.711 Descending marine caves and pits

12.72 Complex sea-caves

12. 8 Submerged karst

12.81 Vruljas (submerged temporary freshwater springs)

12.82 Karstic marine lakes

12.83 Submerged river canyons (with remains of submerged calcium tuffa barriers)

12.84 Submerged naked karst

13. Estuaries and tidal rivers

13.2 Estuaries

13.21 Coastal plain estuaries

13.24 Karstic microtidal estuaries (salt-wedge estuaries)

14. Intertidal and littoral flats

14.1 Mud flats and sand flats

15. Saltmarshes, salt steppes, salt scrubs

15.1 Annual salt pioneer swards

15.11 Glasswort swards

15.113 Mediterranean glasswort swards = Biocenosis of mediolittoral muddy sands and muds (II. 1. 1.) Association with halophytes (II. 1. 1. 1.)

16. Coastal sand dunes and sand beaches

16.1 Sand beaches

16.11 Unvegetated sand beaches

17. Shingle beaches

17.1 Unvegetated shingle beaches

18. Sea-cliffs and rocky shores

18.1 Sea-cliff faces, seaside rocks

18.16 Mediterraneo-Pontic sea-cliffs and rocky shores

19. Islets, rock stacks, reefs, banks, shoals

19.1 Lithogenic rock stacks and islets

19.2 Surface and underwater rocks

19.6 Seamounts and guyots

2 . Non-marine waters

21. Coastal lagoons

21.1 Sea-connected lagoons

21.2 Isolated lagoons

65. Caves (65. A4 Anchihaline caves and pits– in direct contact with marine caves)

82. Cropland

We also propose that maricultural areas should be added to habitat list due to recent increase in such activities and their significant environmental impact:

82.5 Maricultural areas (areas of seabed and water column used by mariculture)

82.51 Fish farms

82.53 Oyster and mussel farms

89. Industrial lagoons and reservoirs, canals

89.11 Sea harbours

89.12 Saltworks = Biocenosis of mediolittoral muddy sands and muds (II. 1. 1.) Facies of saltworks (II. 1. 1. 2.)

Emerald Network Pilot Project in Croatia

Category

Total

FAUNA

Proposed extended list of

Croatian non-marine animals for Emerald Network

VERTEBRATES

Mammals (Taxonomy after Wilson & Reeder1993)

Reptiles

Fishes (Taxonomy after Kottelat, 1997)

INVERTEBRATES

Arthropods

INVERTEBRATES

Arthropods

SPONGES

List of Emerald habitat types present in Croatia with proposed new terrestrial habitat types specific for Croatia

65 A1 Terrestrial cave habitats

65 A14 Ice caves

65 A2 Transitive cave habitats

65 A3 Aquatic (freshwater) cave habitats

65 B Interstitial subterranean habitats

65 B1 Interstitial terrestrial habitats

Explanation of the habitats:

65 A1 Terrestrial cave habitats

65 A2 Transitive cave habitats

65 A21 Cave hygropetricum

65 A22 Marifugia aggregations

65 A3 Aquatic (freshwater) cave habitats

65 A31 Subterranean running waters

65 A311 Subterranean creek (brook) waters

65 A312 Subterranean rivers

65 A3121 Endogenous cave rivers

65 A3122 Exogenous cave rivers

65 A32 Subterranean non-running waters

65 A321 Subterranean lakes

65 A322 Cave clay pools

65 A323 Rimstone pools

65 B1 Interstitial terrestrial habitats

65 B12 Mostly dry epikarstic fissures

65 B2 Interstitial aquatic habitats

65 B23 Hypotelminorheic interstitial communities (=hypotelminorheos)

65 B24 Psammolittoral

65 B241 Marine psammolittoral

11.26A - sublittoral community of caves and ducts in total darkness is very important part of marine caves and it should be added.

PROPOSED REVISION OF PALEARCTIC HABITAT TYPES CLASSIFICATION

INCLUDING CROATIAN SUBTERRANEAN HABITATS

65 SUBTERRANEAN HABITATS

65 A2 Transitive cave habitats

65 A21 Cave hygropetricum

65 A3 Aquatic (freshwater) cave habitats

65 A31 Subterranean running waters

65 A3312 Subterranean rivers

65 A32 Subterranean non-running waters

65 A321 Subterranean lakes

65 A322 Cave clay pools

65 A323 Rimstone pools

65 A4 Anhialine (anhihaline) caves (= 65.81 – Emerald classification)

65 A5 Sea caves (= 12.7 – Emerald classification)

65 B1 Interstitial terrestrial habitats

65 B12 Mostly dry epikarstic fissures

65 B2 Interstitial aquatic habitats

65 B23 Hypotelminorheic interstitial communities (=hypotelminorheos)

65 B24 Psammolittoral

65 B241 Marine psammolittoral

HABITATS OF CROATIA

11.241 Infralittoral hard beds and rocks (III. 6.)

11.24111 Overgrazed facies with encrusting algae and sea urchins (III. 6. 1. 1.)