Strasbourg, 24 June 2010                                                              CDLR-Bu(2010)16

Item 11 of the agenda

                                                                                                                      

BUREAU OF THE

EUROPEAN COMMITTEE ON LOCAL AND REGIONAL DEMOCRACY

(CDLR)

IMPLEMENTATION OF THE UTRECHT AGENDA

Secretariat Memorandum

prepared by the

Directorate General of Democracy and Political Affairs

Directorate of Democratic Institutions


This document is public. It will not be distributed at the meeting. Please bring this copy.

Ce document est public. Il ne sera pas distribué en réunion. Prière de vous munir de cet exemplaire.


Introduction

The purpose of this document is to provide a basis for the Bureau to discuss at its meeting on 5 July 2010 the implementation of the Utrecht Agenda and the proposals to be submitted to the CDLR to that effect for its meeting in October 2010.

It may be recalled that at Utrecht Ministers voted to establish the priority to be given to the challenges the CDLR had identified in the field of local and regional democracy. The results of the vote, included in the Utrecht Agenda (part III of the Utrecht Declaration), were as follows:

1.    Managing the impact of the current financial/economic crisis

  1. Addressing the low level of democratic participation in public life at local and regional level
  2. Reducing the complexity and cost of the current system of local and regional government and enhancing its efficiency
  3. Enhancing the capacity for and quality of governance in local and regional communities or authorities
  4. Addressing the impact of demographic/migration trends
  5. Improving access to public services delivered at local and regional level
  6. Making it easier for local and regional authorities to co-operate across frontiers
  7. Addressing territorial inequalities between and within local and regional authorities
  8. Addressing the growing divide between rural and urban areas
  9. Strengthening social cohesion and acting against the increase of political and religious radicalisation
  10. Fighting corruption in local and regional authorities
  11. Addressing the growing impact of the digital divide on citizen participation
  12. Addressing the expansion of big conurbations at the expense of medium/small sized cities and villages.

In the Utrecht Declaration the Ministers request the Committee of Ministers to adopt annual programmes of activities for the Council of Europe in the years 2010 – 2013 enabling the full implementation of the Utrecht Agenda.

On 25 November 2009 the Committee of Ministers adopted the Programme of Activities for the year 2010 which includes the implementation of the Utrecht Agenda (for 2010) under Chapter III Democracy and Good Governance, Line of Action III.1.2. Local and regional democracy.


At the meeting in March 2010 the CDLR adopted its programme of activities 2010-2013, as instructed by Ministers in Utrecht.  Subsequently, the programme of activities was a subject of an in-debt review at the meetings of the three sub-committees (LR-GG, LR-IC and LR-FS). The sub-committees agreed the objectives, expected impact, time-frame, partners and rapporteurs for the activities.

The Appendix I is an overview of the activities of the CDLR for 2010-2013 to implement the Utrecht Agenda. The document included the activities stemming directly from the Utrecht Declaration and activities proposed by the member states in the replies to the questionnaire, supplemented with proposals by the Bureau, CDLR and the sub-committees (LR-GG, LR-IC and LR-FS).

The Appendix II presents summary of the CDLR activities vis-à-vis challenges identified at Utrecht. This table shows the seven highest priority challenges and gives understandable notion on how the activities and outputs address each them.

Appendix III puts forward the other strands of action identified in CDLR terms of reference, notably the Centre of Expertise for Local Government Reform, Strategy for Innovation and Good Governance at Local Level, legislative and policy assistance and co-operation programmes and the European Local Democracy Week, vis-à-vis seven priority challenges identified at Utrecht.

Appendix IV is an overview of other CDLR activities further to the Utrecht Declaration that are ongoing or will be implemented in 2010-2013. The document include description of  activity, objective and expected impact, time-frame, sub-committee, rapporteurs, partners and actions to be taken.

 

Action required

The Bureau is invited to:

-              to give Appendices I, II, III and IV an in-depth review and to give further guidance to the Secretariat for implementation of activities;

-              to hold an initial exploratory discussion and give guidance to the Secretariat for preparing a document for the CDLR concerning overview of the activities;

-          to hold an initial exploratory discussion on the steps the CDLR could take to support and encourage the implementation of activities, and to give guidance to the  Secretariat to prepare a document on this topic for the CDLR.


                        Appendix I

                                            Draft list of activities of the CDLR for 2010 – 2013 to implement the Utrecht Agenda

Output

(1)

Objective

(2)

Expected impact

(3)

Start date

(4)

End-date

(5)

Sub-Com.

(6)

Rapporteurs

(7)

Partners[1]

(8)

Challenges addressed

[2]

(9)

Communication plans of action

(10)

Actions to be taken

(11)

Secretariat

(12)

Activity 1: Monitoring and responding to the financial and economic crisis

1

Report on impact of the financial and economic crisis and follow-up to guidelines

To have up-to-date information on the crisis’ impact to all member states, and to take stock on their responses.

Member states have accurate information on the financial crisis which will facilitate their actions in responding to the financial and economic crisis.

2010 I

2010 II

FS

IC

GG

LGI

Budapest

1, 3, 4, 6

Siobhan Montgomery /

Gabriela Matei

FS/GM

2

Review conference on the impact of and responses to the economic downturn on local government

To exchange information and experience on how governments cope with the financial and economic crisis.

Impact of the report is enhanced by giving the participants an opportunity for learning and exchanging.

2010 I

2010 II

FS

IC

GG

LGI

Budapest

1, 3, 4, 6

Siobhan Montgomery /

Gabriela Matei

FS/GM

3

Review report for 17th session of the Ministerial Conference

To put forward accurate picture of the impacts of the financial and economic crisis in the member states, and to provide basis for possible further decision making.

Ministers have increased knowledge on financial and economic crisis in the international context, and sound basis for further decision making.

2011 I

2011 II

FS

IC

GG

LGI

Budapest

1, 3, 4, 6

Siobhan Montgomery /

Gabriela Matei

FS/GM

4

Peer Review (Island)

2010 I

2010 II

1

FS/VA

Activity 2: Promoting the Additional Protocol

1

Workshops to promote the Additional Protocol

To increase awareness of the national stakeholders on the Additional Protocol, and its policy implications.

Additional Protocol signed, ratified and implemented by the Council of Europe member states.

2010/I

2013/II

GG

Mr. Andriy Guk

(Ukraine)

Mrs. Viktoria Zold-Nagy

(Hungary)

Hosting by Govern.

2, 4, 6

Two workshops to be arranged for 2010: HUN and NL or SWE to be targeted

FS/VA

2

Report on the implementation of the Additional Protocol to the European Charter of Local Self-Government on the right to participate in the affairs of a local authority

To have up-to-date information on signature and ratification of the Additional Protocol, and national experiences of its implementation

Ministers have accurate information and sound basis for further decision making.

2012/I

2013/II

GG

Mr. Andriy Guk

(Ukraine)

Mrs. Viktoria Zold-Nagy

(Hungary)

2, 4, 6

Tour de table to be held at CDLR meeting in October 2010 – written  - table to be prepared like for CETS 144

FS/VA


Output

(1)

Objective

(2)

Expected impact

(3)

Start date

(4)

End-date

(5)

Sub-Com.

(6)

Rapport.

(7)

Partners[3]

(8)

Challenges addressed

[4](9)

Communication plans of action

(10)

Actions to be taken

(11)

Secretariat

(12)

Activity 3: Analysing participation trends

1

Report analysing the low democratic participation by certain groups in society, and taking stock of the Member States’ policies

To have insight into the low democratic participation by certain groups in society, and Member States’ policies in the areas. 

Member States have enhanced knowledge enabling them to address problems. 

2010/I

2011/II

GG

Mr. Erwin Lefebre

(Belgium)

 2, 3,  4, 6

Proposal for report to be put to GG members by e-mail, then to CDLR October 2010

FS/VA

2

GG Workshop on participatory budgeting

To enable countries to exchange good practices on participatory budgeting.

Member States have better understanding on this instrument.

2010/I

2011/I

GG

Mrs Neza Vodusek

(Slovenia)

1, 2, 3,  4, 6

Case studies to be identified with a view to the workshop

FS/VA

3

Report on

participatory budgeting

To have insight into the legislation and practices on participatory budgeting in the Member States.

Member States have better understanding on this instrument and basis for possible further work.

2011/I

2011/II

GG

FS

Mrs Neza Vodusek

(Slovenia)

1, 2, 3,  4, 6

FS/VA


Output

(1)

Objective

(2)

Expected impact

(3)

Start date

(4)

End-date

(5)

Sub-Com.

(6)

Rapport.

(7)

Partners[5]

(8)

Challenges addressed

[6](9)

Communication plans of action

(10)

Actions to be taken

(11)

Secretariat

(12)

Activity 4: Reducing the complexity and costs of the current system of local and regional government and enhancing its efficiency

1

Reference framework of the features of the systems of local and regional government in the member States

To have insight into the features of the systems of local and regional government in member States.

Member States have reference framework for purposes of comparisons which provides basis for the further work (exchange of experience and best practices).

2010/II

2011/I

IC

FS

Mr Lukasz Krysztofiak

(Poland)

Mr Auke van der Goot (NL)

1, 3, 4, 6, 7

A draft list of features of the systems of local and regional government to be prepared by Rapporteurs with help from the Secretariat

FS/VA

2

Guidelines for the funding of new competencies at local level

To offer guidelines to the member state on funding of new competencies at local level.

Member States have guidelines on funding of new competencies at local level.

2009 II

2010 II

FS

3

Revised draft from FS meeting in June for CDLR adoption in October

FS/VA

3

Analytical tool for assessing the degree of autonomy of first-tier local authorities (Marcou tool)

To assess the degree of autonomy of first-tier local authorities and generate quantified results allowing a comparison at European level.

Member States have database helping the  re-examination of the distribution of competences and  facilitating the consideration of decentralisation issues

2010/II

2011/II

3,4,6

Revised tool for adoption by CDLR in October 2010

FS/SS


Output

(1)

Objective

(2)

Expected impact

(3)

Start date

(4)

End-date

(5)

Sub-Com.

(6)

Rapport.

(7)

Partners[7]

(8)

Challenges addressed

[8](9)

Communication plans of action

(10)

Actions to be taken

(11)

Secretariat

(12)

Activity 5: Strengthening Good Democratic Governance

1

Report on the feasibility of Recommendation on good democratic governance

To explore the feasibility of the Recommendation on good democratic governance and to provide findings and  recommendations.

Member States have sound basis for decision making about possible recommendation.

2010/I

2010/II

GG

Mrs. Greta Billing

(Norway)

 1, 2, 3,  4, 6

Secretariat to prepare outline for Rapp to consider

FS/VA

2

Updated Handbook on Public Ethics

To update the Handbook on Public Ethics.

Member States have a tool for strengthening the public ethics as a part of the Good Democratic Governance.

2010/I

2010/II

GG

Mr. Paul-Henri Philips (Belgium)

 2, 3,  4, 6, 7

Secretariat to prepare summaries of replies and draft revised Handbook

FS/SS

3

Workshop to exchange good practices on the implementation of the Strategy for Innovation and Good Governance in pilot countries

To enable pilot countries to exchange good practices on the implementation of the Strategy for Innovation and Good Governance.

Pilot countries have accurate information enabling them to implement the Strategy for Innovation and Good Governance more effectively.

2010/I

2013/II

GG

Mrs. Greta Billing

(Norway

Hosting by Govern.

2, 3,  4, 6, 7

Governments express an interest in hosting a workshop

FS/SC

Output

(1)

Objective

(2)

Expected impact

(3)

Start date

(4)

End-date

(5)

Sub-Com.

(6)

Rapport.

(7)

Partners[9]

(8)

Challenges addressed

[10](9)

Communication plans of action

(10)

Actions to be taken

(11)

Secretariat

(12)

Activity 6: Exploring new challenges

1

Exploratory report on the impact of demographic/migration trends

To have insight into the impact of demographic/migration trends on local and regional government, and to assess the scope for CDLR contribution.

Member States have sound basis in decision making on possible CDLR contribution on demographic/migration trends in European countries.

2010/II

2011/I

GG

Mrs. Inga

Nyholm

Finland

5

Rapporteur to be contacted

FS/VA

2

GG Workshop on case studies of diff types of demographic impacts

To enable countries to exchange good practices.

Member States have better understanding on this issue.

2010/II

2011/I

GG

Mrs. Inga

Nyholm

Finland

5

Rapporteur to be contacted

FS/VA

3

Exploratory report on improving access to public services delivered at local and regional level

To explore the possibilities for improving the access to public services delivered at local and regional level.

Member States have accurate information on the possibilities for improving the access to public services delivered at local and regional level and CDLR contribution.

2010/I

2010/II

GG

Ms. Monica

Dimitriu

Romania

2, 3,  4, 6, 7

Rapporteur to be contacted

FS/VA

Output

(1)

Objective

(2)

Expected impact

(3)

Start date

(4)

End-date

(5)

Sub-Com.

(6)

Rapport.

(7)

Partners[11]

(8)

Challenes addressed

[12](9)

Communication plans of action

(10)

Actions to be taken

(11)

Secretariat

(12)

Activity 7: Strengthening the transfrontier co-operation

1

Appendices to Protocol 3

(2011-12)

To develop domestic legislation that enables full implementation of  Protocol 3.

Members states have drafts that could facilitate the adoption of the relevant domestic legislation.

2010/I

2011/II

IC

7

Outlines for consultant's work adopted by LR-IC November

AZ/SM

2

Review Conference

To exchange information on how to reduce/remove obstacles to crossborder co-operation.

Members states have increased capacity to strengthen transfrontier co-operation.

2010/I

2010/II

IC

Spain, Netherlands

7

Working party to coordinate preparation, CDLR October to examine proposals

AZ/FS

3

Report on the opportunities for funding the transfrontier co-operation EU/non EU funds

To research and identify the opportunities for funding the transfrontier co-operation EU/non EU funds.

Members states have further insight as to which sources of funding transfrontier co-operation exist for them and local/regional authorities to use

2010/I

2011/II

IC

7

LR-IC to discuss terms of reference for consultant

AZ

4

Updating the report on the current state of administrative and legal framework of transfrontier co-operation in member states

To have an updated version of the report on the current state of administrative and legal framework of transfrontier co-operation in member states.

Member States have clearer picture of  the current state of administrative and legal framework of transfrontier co-operation.

2011/I

2011/II

IC

7

To be circulated for updating in 2011

AZ/SM

5

Report on cross border e-services

To have an oversight of cross border e-services across Europe.

Members states’ information base is enhanced so that they can take appropriate action in order to develop cross border e-services.

2011/I

2011/II

IC

3,4,6,7

AZ

6

Workshops to promote Protocol 3

To increase awareness of the national stakeholders on the Protocol 3.

Protocol 3 signed, ratified and implemented by the Council of Europe member states.

2011/I

2013/II

IC

Hosting by Govern.

7

Government express interest in hosting an event

AZ


Challenges

1: Managing the impact of the current financial/economic crisis

2: Addressing the low level of democratic participation in public life at local and            

    regional level

3: Reducing the complexity and cost of the current system of local and regional

    government and enhancing its efficiency

4: Enhancing the capacity for and quality of governance in local and regional

    communities or authorities

5: Addressing the impact of demographic/migration trends

6: Improving access to public services delivered at local and regional level

7: Making it easier for local and regional authorities to co-operate across frontiers


Appendix II

CDLR activities vis-à-vis CHALLENGES identified at Utrecht

Challenge 1

Challenge 2

Challenge 3

Challenge 4

Challenge 5

Challenge 6

Challenge 7

Managing the impact of the current financial/economic crisis

Addressing the low level of democratic participation in public life at local and

regional level

Reducing the complexity and cost of the current system of local and regional

government and enhancing its efficiency

Enhancing the capacity for and quality of governance in local and regional

communities or authorities

Addressing the impact of demographic /migration trends

Improving access to public services delivered at local and regional level

Making it easier for local and regional authorities to co-operate across frontiers

Challenges addressed

Challenges addressed

Challenges addressed

Challenges

addressed

Challenges addressed

Challenges addressed

Challenges addressed

1, 3, 4, 6

2, 4, 6,

1, 2, 3, 4, 6

1, 3, 4, 6, 7

1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7

2, 3, 5, 6, 7

3, 4, 6, 7

Activity 1

Activity 2

Activity 3

Activity 4

Activity 5

Activity 6

Activity 7

Monitoring and responding to the financial and economic crisis

Promoting the Additional Protocol

Analysing participation trends

Reducing the complexity and costs of the current system of local and regional government and enhancing its efficiency

Strengthening Good Democratic Governance

Exploring new challenges

Strengthening the transfrontier co-operation

Outputs (3)

Outputs (2)

Outputs (3)

Outputs (2)

Outputs (3)

Outputs (3)

Outputs (6)

1. Report on impact of the financial and economic crisis and follow-up to guideline

2. Evaluation conference

3. Review report for 17th session of the Ministerial Conference

4. Peer review (Island)

1. Workshops to promote the Additional Protocol

2. Report on the implementation of the Additional Protocol to the European Charter of Local Self-Government on the right to participate in the affairs of a local authority

1. Report analysing the low democratic participation by certain groups in society, and taking stock of the Member States’ policies

2. GG Workshop on participatory

3. Report on

participatory budgeting

1. Reference framework of the features of the

systems of local and

regional government

in member States

2. Guidelines for funding the new competencies at local level

3. Analytical tool for assessing the degree of autonomy of first-tier local authorities (Marcou tool)

1. Report on the feasibility of Recommendation on good democratic governance

2. Updated Handbook on Public Ethics

3. Workshop to exchange good practices on the implementation of the Strategy for Innovation and Good Governance in pilot countries

1. Exploratory report on the impact of demographic/migration trends

2. GG Workshop on case studies of diff types of demographic impacts

3. Exploratory report on improving access to public services delivered at local and regional level

1. Appendices to Protocol 3 (2011-12)

2. Review conference

3. Report on the opportunities for funding the transfrontier co-operation EU/non EU

4. Updating the report on the current state of dministrative and legal framework of transfrontier co-operation in member states

5. Report on cross border e-services

6. Workshops to promote Protocol 3


Appendix III

Local and Regional Democracy and Good Governance Activities vis-à-vis CHALLENGES identified at Utrecht

 

Challenge 1

Challenge 2

Challenge 3

Challenge 4

Challenge 5

Challenge 6

Challenge 7

Managing the impact of the current financial/ economic crisis

Addressing the low level of democratic participation in public life at local and

regional level

Reducing the complexity and cost of the current system of local and regional

government and enhancing its efficiency

Enhancing the capacity for and quality of governance in local and regional

communities or authorities

Addressing the impact of demographic /migration trends

Improving access to public services delivered at local and regional level

Making it easier for local and regional authorities to co-operate across frontiers

CDLR

Centre of Expertise for Local Government Reform

Strategy for Innovation  and Good Governance at Local Level

Co-operation and assistance programmes

European Local Democracy Week

Challenges addressed

Challenges addressed

Challenges addressed

Challenges addressed

Challenges addressed

1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7

2, 3, 4, 6

2, 3, 4, 6

3, 4, 6

2, 4

Activities:

Activities:

Activities:

Activities:

Activities:

1.  Monitoring and responding to the financial and economic crisis

2.  Promoting the Additional Protocol

3.  Analysing participation trends

4.  Reducing the complexity and costs of the current system of local and regional government and enhancing its efficiency

5.  Strengthening Good Democratic Governance

6.  Exploring new challenges

7.  Strengthening the transfrontier co-operation

1.    Implementing capacity building programmes in members states:

§  Albania

§  Armenia

§  France

§  Georgia

§  Hungary

§  Malta

§  Montenegro

§  Russian Federation

§  Serbia

§  “the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia”

2.    Developing Toolkits

3.    Developing networks

1, Promoting adhesion to Strategy

2. Assisting member States with implementation

3. Developing European Label of Governance  Excellence

1.    Implementing legislative and policymaking projects in member States:

§ Albania

§ Armenia

§ Azerbaijan

§ Bosnia and Herzegovina

§ Croatia

§ Georgia

§ Moldova

§ Montenegro

§ Serbia

§ Ukraine

2.    Regional activities

§  Inter-municipal

     co-operation

Joint venture with the Congress

§ In 2008 an estimated 3000 municipalities in 25 members states organized events

§ In 2010 enlarged circle of “pilot cities”


Appendix IV

Other CDLR activities further to the Utrecht Declaration

Activity

(1)

Objective

(2)

Expected impact

(3)

Start date

(4)

End-date

(5)

Sub-Com.

(6)

Rapporteurs

(7)

Partners[13]

(8)

Actions to be taken

(9)

Secre

Tariat

(10)

1

Reviews and joint work involving the Congress

(Minister Manuel Chaves)

Four reviews to be conducted under the Utrecht Declaration:

- relationship between the intergovernmental sector and the Congress

- monitoring

- a possible common agenda setting

- evaluation, including external evaluation.

Results adopted in a Kyiv Declaration

Functioning of co-operation between the Congress and the intergovernmental sector with a view to securing high quality outcomes and facilitating each other's work so that projects can be dealt with swiftly

2010 I

2011 II

-

Mr Enrique Ojeda,

Rapporteur on behalf of Minister Chaves

(Spain)

Advisory Group on the Utrecht Reviews

- Congress

- PACE

- Conference 

  of INGOS

- Mr Kimmo 

   Collander  (Representative of Minister Kiviniemi)

- Mr Jeremy Smith (independent expert)

See the document “Roadmap for the preparation of the Chaves Report and follow-up”

AZ

FS

VA

2

Partnership between the Ministerial Conference and the Committee of Ministers

(Minister Mari Kiviniemi)

Establishing a partnership between the Ministerial Conference and the Committee of Ministers

Enhanced work of the Council of Europe in the field of local and regional democracy

2010 I

2011 II

-

Mr Kimmo Collander

(Finland)

TBC

To be discussed by the Bureau

AZ

FS

VA

3

Communication Strategy

Active communication policy to be developed in order to maximize the impact on member States and civil society

Enhanced work of the Council of Europe in the field of local and regional democracy

2010 I

2011 II

GG

IC

FS

Mrs Greta Billing (Norway)

Mr Paul Rowsell (UK)

Bureau to develop concrete proposals for establishment of a communication network for consideration and adoption by the CDLR in October 2010

AZ

FS

VA

4

Structure and operation of local and regional government

To have updated information on the structure and operation of local and regional government in Member States

Member States have updated database on the structure and operation of local and regional governments

ongoing

ongoing

-

To be decided at CDLR

To be identified at CDLR

Develop databese

Connect to Activity 4 - Output 1

AZ

FS

VA

SM

5

17th Ministerial Session in Kyiv

To adopt Kyiv Declaration and to hold “fire-side chat”

Enhanced co-operation between Member States in the field of local and regional democracy

2010 I

2011 II

GG

IC

FS

Ukrainian Government and CM Chairmanship

Bureau to make proposals for themes, agenda and programme for CDLR consideration (October 2010)

Results from the Review Conference on the impact of economic crisis (October 2010) to be taken fully into account

AZ

FS

VA

6

Frontline issues of changes

To collect up-to-date information on the current work of Member States in the field of local and regional democracy

Member States have insight into the current work in the filed of local and regional democracy.

To provide basis for targeting future work.

ongoing

ongoing

-

Bureau to decide timing of the next questionannire

AZ

FS

VA



[1] In all cases those identified in the terms of reference of the CDLR as participants, other participants and observers are invited to contribute.

[2] At Utrecht Ministers voted to establish the priority to be given to the challenges the CDLR had identified in the field of local and regional democracy. Challenges are listed at the last page of this document.

[3] In all cases those identified in the terms of reference of the CDLR as participants, other participants and observers are invited to contribute.

[4] At Utrecht Ministers voted to establish the priority to be given to the challenges the CDLR had identified in the field of local and regional democracy. Challenges are listed at the last page of this document.

[5] In all cases those identified in the terms of reference of the CDLR as participants, other participants and observers are invited to contribute.

[6] At Utrecht Ministers voted to establish the priority to be given to the challenges the CDLR had identified in the field of local and regional democracy. Challenges are listed at the last page of this document.

[7] In all cases those identified in the terms of reference of the CDLR as participants, other participants and observers are invited to contribute.

[8] At Utrecht Ministers voted to establish the priority to be given to the challenges the CDLR had identified in the field of local and regional democracy. Challenges are listed at the last page of this document.

[9] In all cases those identified in the terms of reference of the CDLR as participants, other participants and observers are invited to contribute.

[10] At Utrecht Ministers voted to establish the priority to be given to the challenges the CDLR had identified in the field of local and regional democracy. Challenges are listed at the last page of this document.

[11] In all cases those identified in the terms of reference of the CDLR as participants, other participants and observers are invited to contribute.

[12] At Utrecht Ministers voted to establish the priority to be given to the challenges the CDLR had identified in the field of local and regional democracy. Challenges are listed at the last page of this document.

[13] In all cases those identified in the terms of reference of the CDLR as participants, other participants and observers are invited to contribute.